Cytokines growth hormone

Finally, continuous exposure of certain receptors to their macromolecular ligands can lead to rapid downregulation of cell surface receptors, especially if receptor recycling within the cells is incomplete. Fortunately, expression of many receptors, for example for certain cytokines, growth hormones and adhesion factors, can be extensively upregulated in the disease process and this can result in disease-induced drug-targeting. 

These serine proteases are used to remove pathogens by their hydrolytic activity. They degrade cell membrane proteins and connective tissue matrices by hydrolysis of extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, type IV collagen and laminin, or solubilizing fibrous elastins [55, 56]. Immune cell proteases also are capable of cleaving cytokines, growth hormone, neuropeptides, and procoagulant proteins such as Factors X and V. 

In the trans Golgi compartment the peptide is sorted via secretory vesicles into a regulated pathway. In contrast to vesicles of the constitutive pathway, vesicles of the regulated pathway are stored in the cytoplasm until their stimulated release. Membrane depolarisation as well as a wide range of substances such as intracellular mediators, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, classical hormones, cytokines, growth factors, ions and nutrients induce somatostatin secretion. General inhibitors of somatostatin release are opiates, GABA, leptin and TGF- 3. 

Cytokine receptors that couple to the JAK-STAT Pathway decode the signaling though hematopoietic cytokines (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors), prolactin, growth hormone, the a-, (3- and y- interferons, and a number of immunomodulatory interleukins [3], They form homodimetic or heterodimeric receptor complexes, which after ligandbinding recruit and activate isotypes of Janus kinases (JAKs). Activated JAKs in turn... 

Stress-related immune dysregulation also involves the synthesis of hormones including ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin.14-17 Interestingly, it has also been demonstrated that various aspects of the immune response, for example., proliferation of B- and T-cells, cytokine production, antibody production, chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, can be affected by glucocorticoids (including cortisol) as well as peptides such as ACTH, CRH, endorphins, substance P, and somatostatin.1218... 

Cytokines stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone and ACTH. 

Although all cytokines are polypeptide regulatory factors, not all polypeptide regulatory factors are classified as cytokines. Classical polypeptide hormones such as insulin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSFl) and growth hormone (GFl) are not considered members of the... 

Cytokines are proteins that serve as signal molecules in cell-cell communication, and as such, perform a central and very diverse function in growth and differentiation of an organism. Representatives of cytokines control proliferation, differentiation and function of cells of the immune system and of cells of the blood-forming system. Furthermore, they are involved in processes of inflammation and in the neuronal, hema-poetic and embryonal development of the organism. Known cytokines include the interleukins (IL), erythropoietin, growth hormone, interferons (INF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (see Table 8.1). A review of cytokines and cytokine receptors is to be found in HiU and Treisman, (1995) Taniguchi et al., (1995) and Moutoussamy et al., (1998). 

Fig. 11.2. Domain structure of cytokine receptors. Schematic representation of the domain structure of selected cytokine receptors. WS motif conserved WSXWS sequence (W tryptophan S serine X non-conserved amino add) IL interleukin EpoR receptor for erythropoietin GHR growth hormone receptor LIF-R leukemia inhibitory factor receptor G-CSFR granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor IFNR interferon receptor TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor NGFR nerve growth factor receptor Fas, CD40 transmembrane receptors of lymphocytes.

Moutoussamy, S., Kelly, P.A. and Finidori, J. Growth-hormone-receptor and cytokine-receptor-family signaling (1998) Eur J Biochem 255,1-11... 

Growth hormone mediates its effects via cell surface receptors of the JAK/STAT cytokine receptor superfamily. 

The pituitary growth hormone is only one of a large family of protein growth factors that are secreted by cells and which promote the growth of other cells.200 Many of the growth factors are also described as cytokines, local protein hormones that conduct cell-to-cell communication to regulate growth, development,... 

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