Cytokines anti-inflammatory, inducible nitric-oxide

Maggi, L. B.Jr., Sadeghi, H., Weigand, C., Scarim, A. L., Heitmeier, M. R., and Corbett, J. A. (2000). Anti-inflammatory actions of 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 and troglitazone Evidence for heat shock-dependent and -independent inhibition of cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Diabetes 49, 346-355. 

Bisphosphonates (particularly clodronate) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as in arthritis in humans. In adjuvant- and antigen-induced arthritis in rats, clodronate suppresses the inflammatory articular lesions in the inflamed joints [29], whilst in human RA, clodronate decreases the levels of interleukin (ILJ-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFaand /1-microglobulin in the circulation [30]. In vitro, clodronate inhibits cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in macrophage-like cells. 

Kim WK, Jang PG, Woo MS, Han lO, Piao HZ, Lee K, Lee H, Joh TH, Kim HS (2004) A new anti-inflammatory agent KL-1037 represses proinflammatory cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in activated microglia. Neuro-pharmacology 47 243—252. 

Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae), commonly known as feverfew, is a popular herbal remedy used a prophylactic in the treatment of migraine [88]. Studies have revealed that the action of feverfew is probably mediated by the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide. Indeed, feverfew and parthenolide produce anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in experimental animals [89]. Parthenolide is a potent inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kB activation, a key regulator of pro-inflammatory protein production, such as cytokines, COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase [90]. However, a clinical study revealed that feverfew did not provide any benefit in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [91]. Additional clinical studies must be carried out to explore the feverfew efficacy as an analgesic. 

Yun KJ, Koh DJ, Kim SH, Park S J, Ryu JH, Kim DG, Lee J Y, Lee KT. 2(X)8. Anti-inflammatory effects of sinapic acid through the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclo-oxygase-2, and pro inflammatory cytokines expressions via nuclear factor-kB inactivation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 10265-10272. 

Limonene and essential oils containing limonene have been tested for anti-inflammatory activity in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and assayed for immun-oregulatory activity by measurement of the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and production of the cytokines, interferon-y and IL-4. Limonene and the oils, when administered orally, were able to inhibit the LPS-induced inflammation including cell migration. Limonene was also effective in inhibiting production of NO, and produced a significant inhibition of interferon-y and IL-4 production. 

---