Cyclopentanones enolate

An important stage in the synthesis has been reached. It was anticipated that cleavage of the trimethylsilyl enol ether in 18 using the procedure of Binkley and Heathcock18 would regiospecifically furnish the thermodynamic (more substituted) cyclopentanone enolate, a nucleophilic species that could then be alkylated with iodo-diyne 17. To secure what is to become the trans CD ring junction of the steroid nucleus, the diastereoisomer in which the vinyl and methyl substituents have a cis relationship must be formed. In the... 

The effect of HMPA on the reactivity of cyclopentanone enolate has been examined.44 This enolate is primarily a dimer, even in the presence of excess HMPA, but the reactivity increases by a factor of 7500 for a tenfold excess of HMPA at -50° C. The kinetics of the reaction with CH3I are consistent with the dimer being the active nucleophile. It should be kept in mind that the reactivity of regio- and stereoisomeric enolates may be different and the alkylation product ratio may not reflect the enolate composition. This issue was studied with 2-heptanone.45 Although kinetic deprotonation in THF favors the 1-enolate, a nearly equal mixture of C(l) and C(3) alkylation was observed. The inclusion of HMPA improved the C(l) selectivity to 11 1 and also markedly accelerated the rate of the reaction. These results are presumably due to increased reactivity and less competition from enolate isomerization in the presence of HMPA. 

Concerning the possible rearrangement of the lithiooxirane into the alkoxy carbene 155, calculations have also shown that the activation energies of the 1,2-H shifts (to cyclopentanone enolate or cyclopentenol) are extremely high (at least 23 kcalmol" ) from 155, whereas they are much lower (between —0.4 kcalmol" and 8.8 kcalmol" ) from carbene 154. This is explained by a strong intramolecular stabilization of the carbene by the alcoholate moiety, as depicted in Scheme 66. This stabilization could signify that the formation of a carbene from the carbenoid is a disfavored process, and that the carbenoid itself is involved in the rearrangement reaction. 

Steric control elements are also important for the diastereoselectivity in alkylations of mono-cyclic cyclohexanone enolates. However, electronic control becomes more evident in these systems compared to monocyclic cyclopentanone enolates The flexibility of the six-membered ring system, and the large number of possible ring conformations, makes predictions of the diastereoselectivity difficult. In general, one may conclude that the diastereoselectivity in alkylations of enolates derived from monocyclic cyclohexanones is not as high as in alkylations of cyclopentanone enolates. The syntheses of compounds 21-27 demonstrate the effect of substitution in each position of the six-membered ring49,61 -7°. 

In addition, Cushman and co-workers121 reported the synthesis of a 1-hydroxyethylene dipeptide with a Pro moiety at the C-terminus using the reaction between an a-amino aldehyde and a lithium cyclopentanone enolate. Matternich and Liidi 22 described the synthesis of a y-(aminoalkyl)-a-hydroxy-y-lactone starting from the addition of an a-amino aldehyde to a pyruvate enolate. 

Lithiumlithium triethylaluminum, sodium triethylboron, sodium triethanolamine borate,- potassium triethylboron and tri-n-butyltin cyclohexanone enolates have been successfully monoalkyl-ated. In Scheme 6 the behavior of the lithium enolate of cyclohexanone (11) and the lithium triethylaluminum enolate upon reaction with methyl iodide is compared. The latter enolate gives better results since no dimethylation products were detected, but clearly the cyclohexanone enolate (11) is much less prone to dialkylation than the cyclopentanone enolate (10). Scheme 6 also provides a comparison of the results of alkylation of the potassium enolate of cyclohexanone, where almost equal amounts of mono- and di-alkylation occurred, with the alkylation of the potassium tiiethylboron enolate where no polyalkylation occurred. The employment of more covalently bonded enolates offers an advantage in cyclohexanone monoalkylations but not nearly as much as in the cyclopentanone case. 

An imine-enamine annulation has been used in the synthesis of the indoloquinolizidine alkaloid ( )-deplancheine.52 The annulation of dialkyl (1-alkoxycarbonyl)vinylphosphonates via a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction has been developed in the synthesis of [3.3.0] fused pyrazolid-inones from monocyclic pyrazolidinones. - Treannent of diethyl l-(ethoxycarbonyl)vinylphos-phonate in excess (2 eq) with imide anions such as phthalimide, maleimide, and succinimide successfully produces the corresponding six-membered fused heterocycles. Similarly, synthesis of functionalized cyclohexenylphosphonates is achieved by condensation of diethyl l-(ethoxycar-bonyl)vinylphosphonate (2 eq) with cyclopentanone enolates (Scheme 8.29). - ... 

In another approach, cyclopentanone enol ether reacts with a pentacarbonyldiphen-ylcarbene complex to give an unsaturated carbene, X (the metathesis product) and a cyclopentanone derivative formed by rearangement of the cyclopropane intermediate, both coming from the nonisolated tungstacyclobutane intermediate ... 

In alkenyl- and alkynylcarbene complexes the addition of nucleophiles to the carbene carbon competes with the addition to the 3-carbon of the conjugated C-C multiple bond. [17] The regioselectivity of the addition of amines to alkynylcarbene complexes is temperature dependent 1,2-addition is favoured by lower temperatures. [17c] Enolates turned out to be efficient C-nucleophiles for Michael addition reactions to unsaturated metal carbenes. The product distribution may depend on steric factors as shown in Scheme 7 for the addition of different enolates to alkenylcarbene complex 10. The less bulky acetone enolate 11 adds to the carbene carbon protonation of the primary addition product results in demetalation and in the formation of a mixture of isomeric enones 12. In contrast, the more bulky cyclopentanone enolate 13 adds to the less shielded vinylic position. 

SCHEME 4.38 Gold-catalyzed diastereoselective synthesis of cyclopentanone enol ether. 

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