Cut-off-point

For a given large molecule, there are very many more non-bonded interactions than bonded ones. Molecular-mechanics force fields often truncate the non-bonded interactions at some finite distance, in order to save on computer resource. A number of ingenious algorithms have been proposed in order to ensure the continuity of the potential at the cut-off point. 

The supply cuiwe is useful because it shows which measures should be selected first—the ones on the left—and the cumulative energy savings. Measures with CCEs less than the price of the saved energy are cost-effective. In the example, an energy price line has been drawn to show the cut off point those measures below the energy price line are cost-effective. 

As MTHW and HTHW system temperatures and pressures rise, so the need to provide softened or deionized FW becomes increasingly necessary, although there is not always a clear cut-off point. Where these systems are supplied with higher quality water, traditional, inorganic anodic inhibitor chemistries tend to be replaced by all-polymer, all-organic, or all-volatile chemistries to keep measurable TDS to a... 

However, contrary to other mentoring relationships, the cut-off point is more visible in these types of programs as it ends as soon as the mentee has acquired the competency in question. There might, of course, be some informal arrangement for the mentee to contact the mentor should any further issues arise which the mentee cannot solve alone. 

Figure 8 Measure of delocalisation of each defect type predicted by resonance theory. The loops enclose centres which have numbers of classical structures larger than. 74 times the greatest number in the type. The cut-off point for type bi (or type 63) centres is particularly arbitrary since the delocalisation is spread around the equator. The small circles are the point of muonium attachment. The dotted circle is coincident with the equator of Cra-...

For tests designed to detect the presence or absence of an analyte, the threshold concentration that can be detected can be determined from replicate measurements over a range of concentrations. These data can be used to establish at what concentration a cut-off point can be drawn between reliable detection and non-detection. At each concentration level, it may be necessary to measure approximately ten replicates. The cut-off point depends on the number of false negative results that can be tolerated. It can be seen from Table 4.7 that for the given example the positive identification of the analyte is not reliable below 100 xg g-1. 

As discussed previously, the technique of microfiltration is effectively utilized to remove whole cells or cell debris from solution. Membrane filters employed in the microfiltration process generally have pore diameters ranging from 0.1 to 10 pm. Such pores, while retaining whole cells and large particulate matter, fail to retain most macromolecular components, such as proteins. In the case of ultrafiltration membranes, pore diameters normally range from 1 to 20 nm. These pores are sufficiently small to retain proteins of low molecular mass. Ultrafiltration membranes with molecular mass cut-off points ranging from 1 to 300 kDa are commercially available. Membranes with molecular mass cut-off points of 3,10, 30, 50, and 100 kDa are most commonly used. 

Figure 6.6 ULtrafiLtration separates molecules based on size and shape, (a) Diagrammatic representation of a typical laboratory-scale ultrafiltration system. The sample (e.g. crude protein solution) is placed in the ultrafiltration chamber, where it sits directly above the ultrafilter membrane. The membrane, in turn, sits on a macroporous support to provide it with mechanical strength. Pressure is then applied (usually in the form of an inert gas), as shown. Molecules larger than the pore diameter (e.g. large proteins) are retained on the upstream side of the ultrafilter membrane. However, smaller molecules (particularly water molecules) are easily forced through the pores, thus effectively concentrating the protein solution (see also (b)). Membranes that display different pore sizes, i.e. have different molecular mass cut-off points, can be manufactured, (c) Photographic representation of an industrial-scale ultrafiltration system (photograph courtesy of Elga Ltd, UK)...

Report results on a fresh weight basis, since that is how farmers apply organic manures to land. Mass/mass for solid manures, mass/volume for slurries, with the cut-off point at approx. 10% DM content. 

Ultrafiltration membranes are usually manufactured from tough plastic-based polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride or polycarbonate. A range of membranes are available which display different cut-off points (Figure 3.20). Membranes displaying cut-off points of 3, 10, 30, 50 and 100 kDa are most commonly used. Thus, if the protein of interest displays a molecular mass of 70kDa, it may be concentrated effectively by using an ultrafilter membrane displaying a molecular mass cut-off point of 50 kDa. Ultrafiltration is a popular method of concentration because ... 

The cut-off points for diabetes on fasting and 2 h post-load values were primarily determined by the... 

Already at this early stage, using simple 2D descriptors, the model yields important mechanistic information The correlation for the TON and the TOE depends strongly on the reaction temperature, with a cut-off point at 120 C (Table 2), The chemical reason for this is that Pd nanoclusters form much faster above 120 °C (25), and the reaction follows a pathway that is independent of the ligand. 

The in vitro diffusion studies for each sample were carried out by using the Franz diffusion cells with a diffusional area of about 1.76cm2. The acceptor compartment of the apparatus was filled with the buffer solution pH 6, USP [21], and maintained at 37 0.5°C via a circulating water system. The diffusion membrane (the cellulose membrane with a molecular weight cut-off point of 1000 or the hairless mouse skin) previously prepared was placed between die donor and the acceptor compartments of the assembly. An accurately weighed 4g of sample was then placed in the donor cell and the diffusion process was started. The solution in the acceptor compartment was continuously stirred with a small magnetic stirrer to maintain the sink conditions. Aliquots from the receptor cells were removed at 0.5,2,4, 8 and 24 h time intervals and replaced with equal... 

Data were summed up to 25 /total pressure 4.5Torr, un-apodized FWHM 9.31 cm-1. Nyquist wavenumber 3950.7 cm-1, 4 shots per point, fluence 82 J cm-2. The positions of the CO v, v—1 band origins are shown together with the detector cut-off point at 1840 cm-1. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 40. 

Ultrasound is the study and application of sound waves whose frequency is too high to be detected by the human ear, i.e., above about 16 kHz [1], This is a purely arbitrary cut-off point, determined by the limitations of the human ear. The physics describing the propagation of ultrasonic waves is the same as that describing the propagation of sound waves. 

If one makes the conservative assumption that any instance of behavior observed in response to the posthypnotic instructions has a 0.5 probability of having in fact occurred as a response to the instructions, at least five such instances are required to establish a correlation between the behavior and the instruction at the. 05 level of probability, the standard cutting-off point generally used. Using this criterion, the ab-... 

The data cut-off point for this study was 31 August 2000. Only incident cases of diabetes mellitus that resulted in intervention with antidiabetic drugs were selected and only patients taking antipsychotic drug... 

The diamonds first recognized by Lewis et al. (1987) have now been traced to every class of chrondritic meteorite (Alexander et al. 1990 Huss 1990 Russell et al. 1991) and are known to occur as a component within the matrix. The amounts available for extraction reach a maximum of 900 ppm but decline to nothing in higher petrologic grades. The cut-off point in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites is about type 3.6 but for enstatite chondrites the type 4s still contain diamond. Progressive... 

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