Custom Pipes

Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) piping is the material of choice for handling corrosive fluids and is especially suitable when corrosive external conditions exist. Corrosive external conditions are typically caused by corrosive soils or by chemical fiimes. In some cases, corrosive external conditions govern the selection of materials. 

As an example GRP pipe was used for a project requiring many kilometers of large diameter pipe because of the very corrosive soil conditions. The conveyed fluid for this project was fresh water, which is only mildly corrosive, but the external soil conditions were highly corrosive. GRP pipe was the clear choice in terms of external corrosion resistance, weight, ease of installation and price. 

GRP pipe can be generally categorized as commodity pipe and custom pipe. Both types of pipe have relative merits and fit into different niches within the GRP pipe market. Commodity pipe is made in select sizes up to about 48 in. (but normally 36 in. is the limit). Custom-engineered pipe can be made in virtually any size. Pipe 12 ft in diameter is not uncommon. 

Commodity pipe is produced in large quantities and the properties are typically fixed in terms of the reinforcement lay up, the liner thickness, the structural thickness, and the resin system. Commodity pipe is designed to suit the mass production process and issues such as resin type and liner thickness are selected to satisfy the commodity market. Commodity pipe is generally lower in cost than custom pipe due to 

Custom pipe is custom engineered and custom fabricated for the particular corrosive environment and mechanical and thermal loading. Essential design variables considered during the design of custom pipe are pressure, vacuum, peak temperature, differential temperature, coefficients of expansion, support span, burial conditions (for underground pipe), liner thickness, and resin system(s). 

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The corrosion liner in commodity pipe is typically fixed and relatively thin as compared to custom pipe. The corrosion liner of commodity pipe is typically 1.25 mm or less. The corrosion liner of custom pipe is determined by the corrosive environment and is typically 2.5 mm or more. Depending on the performance requirements, some commodity pipe has no corrosion barrier at all. 

The gas processing options described in the previous section were designed primarily to meet on-site usage or evacuation specifications. Before delivery to the customer further processing would normally be carried out at dedicated gas processing plants, which may receive gas from many different gas and oil fields. Gas piped to such plants is normally treated to prevent liquid drop out under pipeline conditions (dew point control) but may still contain considerable volumes of natural gas liquids (NGL) and also contaminants. 

Conditions for pipe line transfer of product to user or customer. 

Oil of viscosity 10 mN s/m2 and density 950 kg/m3 is pumped 8 km from an oil refinery to a distribution depot through a 75 inm diameter pipeline and is then despatched to customers at a rale of 500 tonne/day. Allowance must be made for periods of maintenance which may interrupt the supply from the refinery for up to 72 hours. If the maximum permissible pressure drop over the pipeline is 3450 kN/m2, what is the shortest time in which the storage tanks can be completely recharged after a 72 hour shutdown Take the roughness of the pipe surface as 0.05 mm. 

You can see how the (pipe) character is entered as the delimiter in the Options dialog box. If you have more complex requirements for the ASCII text file you want to export, you can invoke External File Interface in the Select Export Type window, write customized DATA step code with FILE and PUT statements, or use some of the ODS tagsets supplied by SAS, found at http //support.sas.com/md/base/topics/odsmarkup/, that have the ability to create numerous types of ASCII text formats. 

This stainless steel pipes and fittings manufacturing plant is located in the United States and produces stainless steel pipes of various diameters and lengths and custom-made pipe fittings.13 It operates over 6240 h/yr to produce nearly 30 million pounds of pipe annually. 

Each pipe is rinsed with water in one of two rinse tanks and is then mounted on a wash rack and manually sprayed with water in a second rinsing operation. After the pipes dry, they are labeled with a solvent-based ink spray jet and protective plastic caps are hammered onto the ends. The finished products are stored outdoors until they are shipped to customers. 

The two processors are delivering the product via pipes into one of several tanks in a tank farm. Each tank has parameters such as capacity or cleaning time. From the tanks the product is either delivered to processes on site (captive use) or to customers based on given customer orders. Additionally, it may be stored in two external buffers. In that case there are transportation moves from the tank farm to one of the external buffers (in case of over-production) or from the external buffer to the tank farm (in case of shortages in production) induced. 

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