Jacques Curie

Piezoelectric energy is a form of electric energy produced by certain solid materials when they are deformed. (The word piezo has its roots in the Greek word piezein meaning to press. ) Discovery of the piezoelectric effect is credited to Pierre and Jacques Curie who observed in 1880 that certain quartz crystals produced electricity when put under pressure. 

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is a very useful technique for detecting small mass changes at the electrode surface that accompany electrochemical processes. In 1880, Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered that when stress was applied to some crystals, such as quartz, it resulted in an electrical potential across the... 

Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite Denis Diderot Paris 7, et Universite P. et M. Curie Paris 6, 2 place Jussieu, 75251, Paris Cedex 05, France. E-mail prunell ccr.jussieu.fr Department of General and Molecular Genetics, National Shevchenko University,... 

Frenchman Jacques Curie (1856-1941) and his younger brother Pierre (1859-1906) discover piezoelectricity. (Pierre Curie would go on to make many other discoveries and marry Marie, a Polish scientist, who also became famous.)... 

Together, this famous couple, Pierre Curie, 1859-1906, and Mme. Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867-1934, discovered radium and polonium, and founded the beneficent science of radioactivity. Pierre served as professor of physics at the Sorbonne, and collaborated with his brother, Jacques Curie, in the discovery and investigation of piezo-electricity. He introduced the concept of symmetry in physical phenomena and studied magnetic properties as a function of temperature. Marie served as professor of radioactivity at the University of Paris. 

Gabriel Lippmann, 1845-1921. Professor of mathematical physics at the University of Paris. Inventor of the capillary electrometer and of a process of direct color photography. The phenomenon of piezo-electricity in crystals predicted by Professor Lippmann was first demonstrated experimentally by Pierre and Jacques Curie. 

CURIE, PIERRE (1859-1906) CURIE, MARIE (1867-1934). Pierre Cume was bom and raised in Paris. With his brother. Jacques, he studied crystals and in 1880 discovered piezoelectricity. Piezoelectricity is the production of an electric charge by pressure on certain crystals. Pierre became director at the School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry in Paris where he worked for 22 years. His doctoral thesis on magnetism led lo his discovery, the Curie point, a temperature at which ferromagnetic substances lose their magnetism. 

The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by two brothers, Jacques (1856-1941) and Pierre (1859-1906) Curie. Piezoelectric materials are materials that change shape when an electric current flows through them and that, in turn, produce an electric current when their shape is altered. Both men were in their early 20s when... 

The discovery of the piezoelectric effect (the appearance of electrical charges on different surfaces of crystals under mechanical stress) in 1880 by Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and his brother Jacques (1855-1941) is discussed in a brief paper.91... 

Piezoelectric crystals are transducers that generate an oscillating electrical polarization when subjected to an external oscillating mechanical stress, and vice versa. The brothers Paul-Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880 when they compressed certain crystals along certain axes (Curie and Curie, 1880). The reciprocal behavior was deduced from thermodynamic principles a year later by Gabriel Lippman... 

Pendulums were more accurate, followed by quartz oscillators. In 1880, Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered that sending a current through a quartz crystal could result in a resonance situation with cyclic behavior, making a quartz oscillator that could be used to mark time. Because crystals grow in miniature, quartz crystal watches became the standard in the 1960s. But the periodic nature of resonant quartz excitations depends on the shape of each crystal as well as the ambient temperature and humidity. Every crystal behaves differently, and none can constitute a reputable standard for the accuracy needed by global positioning systems, for example. 

Any type of acoustic transducer, such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) or surface acoustic wave device (SAW), is fundamentally based on the piezoelectric effect. This was first described in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie as a property of crystalline materials that do not have an inversion centre. When such a material is subjected to physical stress, a measurable voltage occurs on the crystal surfaces. Naturally, the opposite effect can also be observed, i.e. applying an electrical charge on a piezoelectric material leads to mechanical distortion, the so-called inverse piezo effect. These phenomena can be used to transfrom an electrical signal to a mechanical one and back, which actually happens in QCM and SAW. Different materials are ap-pHed for device fabrication, such as quartz, Hthium tantalate, lithium titanate... 

Andree Marquet is presently a professor emeritus at the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI). She completed her Ph.D. under Jean Jacques at the College de France in Paris, studying reaction mechanisms, and then did her postdoctoral work with Duilio Arigoni, at ETH Zurich, on terpene biosynthesis. After a career as a research director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, she was appointed as professor of chemistry at Paris VI, where she taught bioorganic chemistry. 

Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie, who found that when they compressed certain types of crsrstals including quartz, tourmaline, and Rochelle salt, along certain axes, a voltage was produced on the surface of the crystal. The next year, they observed the converse effect, the elongation of such crystals upon the application of an electric current. 

Kyung Hwa Jo Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea A. Julbe Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France A. Larbot Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France Burtrand I. Lee Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina Hung C. Ling AT T Bell Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey Jacques Livage University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France... 

Hankel, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1814-1899) (father of Herman Hankel) proposed the word piezoelectricity in 1881. He taught for 10 years in Halle and then moved to Leipzig in 1849 where he was Professor for 40 years. His thesis was titled De thermoelectricitate crystaUorum . Pierre and Jacques Curie had discovered piezoelectricity in 1880. 

The piezoelectric effect (Fig. 4) was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880. The direct piezoelectric effect consists of the ability of crystalline materials (ceramics) to generate an electrical charge in proportion to an externally applied force. The direct effect is used in force transducers. According to the inverse piezoelectric effect, an electric field parallel to the direction of polarizatitMi induces an expansion of the ceramic (Preumont 1997). 

The piezoelectric effect, discovered in 1880 by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie, is defined as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and electrical state (in a crystalline material with no inversion symmetry), such that... 

Jacques Baron, Laboratoire de Materiaux Mineraux, Unite Associee au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Mulhouse, France D. Barthomeuf, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Theo P.M. Beelen, Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands... 

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