Curie in

Poland, native country of Mme. Curie) Polonium, also called Radium F, was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898 while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblend from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. 

L. radius, ray) Radium was discovered in 1898 by Mme. Curie in the pitchblende or uraninite of North Bohemia, where it occurs. There is about 1 g of radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. The element was isolated in 1911 by Mme. Curie and Debierne by the electrolysis of a solution of pure radium chloride, employing a mercury cathode on distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen this amalgam yielded the pure metal. 

Radium, the last element in the group, was isolated in trace amounts as the chloride by P. and M. Curie in 1898 after their historic processing of tonnes of pitchblende. It was named by Mme Curie in allusion to its radioactivity, a word also coined by her (Latin radius, a ray) the element itself was isolated electrolytically via an amalgam by M. Curie and A. Debieme in 1910 and its compounds give a carmine-red flame test. 

The discovery of polonium by Marie Curie in 1898 is a story that has been told many... 

Ref. 5, Chap. 29, pp. 803-43. See also E. Farber, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 1901 1961, Abelard-Schuman, London, Marie Sklodowska Curie, pp. 45-8. F. C. Wood, Marie Curie, in E. Farber (ed.). Great Chemists, pp. 1263-75. Interscience, New York, 1961. 

Lise Meitner grew up in the Vienna of Emperor Franz-Josef and horsedrawn trolley cars. She was born there in 1878 into a well-to-do Jewish family and decided at an early age that she wanted to be a scientist like Madame Curie. (Later Albert Einstein would call her the German Madame Curie. ) In 1901, she entered the University of Vienna. There, where serious women students were considered odd, she was treated rudely by many of her fellow students. In 1905 she was only the second woman in the university s history to receive a Pli.D. in science. 

Polonium, completing the elements of Group 16, is radioactive and one of the rarest naturally occurring elements (about 3 x 10 " % of the Earth s crust). The main natural source of polonium is uranium ores, which contain about lO g of Po per ton. The isotope 210-Po, occurring in uranium (and also thorium) minerals as an intermediate in the radioactive decay series, was discovered by M. S. Curie in 1898. 

The discovery of the decay chain, of course, started with the seminal work of Marie Curie in identifying and separating Ra. Through the work of the Curies and others, all the members of the decay chain were identified. An important milestone for geochronometrists was the discovery of °Th (called Ionium) by Bertram Boltwood, the Yale scientist who also made the first age determinations on minerals using the U-Pb dating method (Boltwood in 1906 established the antiquity of rocks and even identified a mineral from Sri Lanka-then Ceylon as having an age of 2.1 billion years )... 

Gwilherm Evano was born in 1977 in Paris he studied chemistry at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris and received his Ph.D. from Universite Pierre et Marie Curie in 2002 under the supervision of Professors Francois Couty and Claude Agami. After postdoctoral study with Professor James S. Panek at Boston University, he became assistant professor at the University of Versailles in 2004. His research interests concern the field of asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles as well as their reactivity and the total synthesis of natural products. 

Polonium - the atomic number is 84 and the chemical symbol is Po. This radioactive metal was also known as radium-F. The name derives from Poland , the native country of Marie Sklodowska Curie. It was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, from its radioactivity. It was independently found by the German chemist Willy Marckwald in 1902 and called radiotellurium. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 102 year ° Po. 

The piezoelectric effect was one of the crucial elements for Pierre Curie and Marie Skladowska Curie in their discovery of radioactivity. Flowever, there was no technological application for over 30 years, until it was used in radio transmitters and ultrasonics on the 1910s. Currently, the largest applica-... 

In 1898 Mme. Curie in Paris and Professor G. C. Schmidt at the University of Munster, working independently, found that thorium, like uranium, is radioactive (43). This discovery opened up a vast new field of research as a result of which thorium is now known to be the parent substance of an entire series of radioactive elements. The story of their discovery will be reserved, however, for a later chapter. 

Together, this famous couple, Pierre Curie, 1859-1906, and Mme. Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867-1934, discovered radium and polonium, and founded the beneficent science of radioactivity. Pierre served as professor of physics at the Sorbonne, and collaborated with his brother, Jacques Curie, in the discovery and investigation of piezo-electricity. He introduced the concept of symmetry in physical phenomena and studied magnetic properties as a function of temperature. Marie served as professor of radioactivity at the University of Paris. 

Atomic (or Nuclear) Energy Atomic (or Nuclear) Reactions Atomic (or Nuclear) Explosions. In chemical reactions the atomic nuclei maintain their charges, masses, and individual identities. These all change in aromic or nuclear reactions, first revealed in the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel in 1895 and of radium by the Curies in 1898. 

It was shown by Pierre Curie in 1895 that paramagnetic susceptibility is strongly dependent on temperature, and for many substances is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature. The equation... 

Since the discovery of piezoelectricity on certain asymmetrical crystals like quartz by J. and P. Curie in 1880, the piezoelectricity of various crystals has been extensively studied on account of its importance in science and technology (Cady, 1964 Mason, 1950). Early work on the piezoelectricity of polymeric materials is found in the paper by Brain (1924) who investigated the piezoelectricity of various dielectrics including ebonite, rubber, and celluloid. In 1965, Harris (1965), Allison (1965), and Hauver (1965) investigated both experimentally and theoretically the shock-induced polarization of plastics. 

Marie s daughter, Irene, joined in Ihe work at the Radium institute. With her husband, Frederic Joliot. and under the combined name Jttlim-Curie. continued the weak of the Curies in 1935. the puir won a Nobel Prize lor their discovery of artificial radioactiv ity. 

The locations of the lielriangle and binodal curies in the phase diagram depend on the moleeulai structures of the amphiphile and oil. on Ihe concentration of cosurfactant and/or electrolyte if either of these components is added, and on the temperature (and, especially for compressible oils, on the pressure I. 

POLONIUM. [CAS 7440-02-06], Chemical element, symbol Po, at. no. 84, at. wt. 210 (mass number of the most stable isotope), mp 252,JC. bp 960°C, sp gr 9.4. The element was first identified as an ingredient of pitchblende by Mane Curie in 1898. The element occurs in nature only as a decay product of thorium and uranium, Because of limited availability and high cost, relatively few practical uses for the element have been found, Meteorological instruments for measuring the electrical potential of air have used small quantities of the metal, It is interesting to note that when Mme. Curie first identified polonium, she found that an electroscope was... 

Radium Radium, the heaviest of the group 2A elements, occurs with uranium and was isolated as its chloride salt from the mineral pitchblende by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898. Radium is highly radioactive, and no more than a few kilograms of the pure metal have ever been produced. Though used for many years as a radiation source for cancer radiotherapy, better sources are now available, and there are no longer any commercial uses for radium. 

The emanation of a radioactive gas from radium was observed by Madame Curie. In the atmosphere, radon diffuses and mixes with air like any other gas. Rutherford Brooks (1901) obtained a value 8 x 10-6 m2 s-1 for the diffusivity of radon. Recent determinations are in the range 1.0 to 1.2 x 10-5 m2 s-1 at N.T.P. (Jost, 1960). 

This principle as originally stated by Curie in 1908, is quantities whose tensorial characters differ by an odd number of ranks cannot interact (couple) in an isotropic medium. Consider a flow J, with tensorial rank m. The value of m is zero for a scalar, it is unity for a vector, and it is two for a dyadic. If a conjugate force A) also has a tensorial rank m, than the coefficient Ltj is a scalar, and is consistent with the isotropic character of the system. The coefficients Lij are determined by the isotropic medium they need not vanish, and hence the flow J, and the force A) can interact or couple. If a force A) has a tensorial rank different from m by an even integer k, then Ltj has a tensor at rank k. In this case, Lfj Xj is a tensor product. Since a tensor coefficient Lt] of even rank is also consistent with the isotropic character of the... 

Davis, J. L. (1995). The research school of Marie Curie in the Paris faculty, 1907-1914. Annals of Science 52 321-355. 

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