Cuprous chloride complex

Its addn at a level of 0.1—5.0% was found to improve the octane rating of diesel fuels (Ref 10) Cuprous Chloride Complex. For prepn see above. It is a red cryst solid, readily decompd into its components at 135—40° (Refs 4 13). X-ray diffraction showed that the azomethane mols lie betw the infinite folded sheets of the Cu(I) chloride (Ref 11). The complex is used in the prepn of highly pure samples of azomethane (Ref 7)... 

When copper is added to a solution of cupric chloiide in strong hydrochloric acid a reaction occurs which results in the formation of a colorless solution containing cuprous chloride complex ions suc h as CuCI, ... 

Desorption of CO from ammonileal cuprous chloride complex or organometal1ic complexes... 

Rose AW (1976) The effect of cuprous chloride complexes in the origin of red-bed copper and related deposits. Econ Geol 71 1035-1048... 

Rose AW (1976) The effect of cuprous chloride complexes in the origin of red-bed copper and related deposits. Econ Geol 71 1036-1048 Rose AW (1989) Mobility of copper and other heavy metals in sedimentary environments. In Boyle RW, Brown AC, Jefferson CW, Jowett EC, Kirkham RV (eds) Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Geol Assoc Can Spec Pap 36 97-110 Saunders JA, Swann CT (1990) Trace-metal content of Mississippi oil field brines. J Geochem Explor 37 171-183... 

After 24 hours, the stirring is stopped. Now it s time to fitter out the Cuprous Chloride, which is one of the two slight nuisances regarding this procedure. Note forget about Palladium Chloride recovery. It s too complex for the simplicity of this procedure and purchased from a photo supplier it shouldn t cost more than 6.50 per gram. We ll call this next process Phase Two. 

Halophenols without 2,6-disubstitution do not polymerize under oxidative displacement conditions. Oxidative side reactions at the ortho position may consume the initiator or intermpt the propagation step of the chain process. To prepare poly(phenylene oxide)s from unsubstituted 4-halophenols, it is necessary to employ the more drastic conditions of the Ullmaim ether synthesis. A cuprous chloride—pyridine complex in 1,4-dimethoxybenzene at 200°C converts the sodium salt of 4-bromophenol to poly(phenylene oxide) (1) ... 

The palladium chloride process for oxidizing olefins to aldehydes in aqueous solution (Wacker process) apparendy involves an intermediate anionic complex such as dichloro(ethylene)hydroxopalladate(II) or else a neutral aqua complex PdCl2 (CH2=CH2)(H2 0). The coordinated PdCl2 is reduced to Pd during the olefin oxidation and is reoxidized by the cupric—cuprous chloride couple, which in turn is reoxidized by oxygen, and the net reaction for any olefin (RCH=CH2) is then... 

The tri- or tetraamine complex of copper(I), prepared by reduction of the copper(II) tetraamine complex with copper metal, is quite stable ia the absence of air. If the solution is acidified with a noncomplexiag acid, the formation of copper metal, and copper(II) ion, is immediate. If hydrochloric acid is used for the neutralization of the ammonia, the iasoluble cuprous chloride [7758-89-6], CuCl, is precipitated initially, followed by formation of the soluble ions [CuClj, [CuCl, and [CuCl as acid is iacreased ia the system. 

Photolytic reactions of dienes frequently give complex mixtures of rearranged products. Described here, however, is a photolytic isomerization of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (present in solution, in part, as a complex with cuprous chloride) that affords a good yield of one product. 

K has the value of about 1 x 10 at 298 K, and in solutions of copper ions in equilibrium with metallic copper, cupric ions therefore greatly predominate (except in very dilute solutions) over cuprous ions. Cupric ions are therefore normally stable and become unstable only when the cuprous ion concentration is very low. A very low concentration of cuprous ions may be produced, in the presence of a suitable anion, by the formation of either an insoluble cuprous salt or a very stable complex cuprous ion. Cuprous salts can therefore exist in contact with water only if they are very sparingly soluble (e.g. cuprous chloride) or are combined in a complex, e.g. [Cu(CN)2) , Cu(NH3)2l. Cuprous sulphate can be prepared in non-aqueous conditions, but because it is not sparingly soluble in water it is immediately decomposed by water to copper and cupric sulphate. 

The Ullman reaction has long been known as a method for the synthesis of aromatic ethers by the reaction of a phenol with an aromatic halide in the presence of a copper compound as a catalyst. It is a variation on the nucleophilic substitution reaction since a phenolic salt reacts with the halide. Nonactivated aromatic halides can be used in the synthesis of poly(arylene edier)s, dius providing a way of obtaining structures not available by the conventional nucleophilic route. The ease of halogen displacement was found to be the reverse of that observed for activated nucleophilic substitution reaction, that is, I > Br > Cl F. The polymerizations are conducted in benzophenone with a cuprous chloride-pyridine complex as a catalyst. Bromine compounds are the favored reactants.53,124 127 Poly(arylene ether)s have been prepared by Ullman coupling of bisphenols and... 

Cuprous chloride reduces persulphate with simple second-order kinetics . The first step may involve a short lived complex, viz. 

A bottle of cuprous chloride solution prepared by standing cupric chloride in strong hydrochloric acid over excess copper burst on standing. In the presence of some complexing agents, copper can react with aqueous media to form hydrogen. Slow pressurisation by this means explains the above explosion (Editor s comments). The metal is also known to dissolve in cyanides and some amine solutions. 

This reaction is transformed into the catalytic process in the presence of cuprous chloride and dioxygen [247,248], The same complex was found to be oxidized by acetic acid with sodium acetate to vinyl acetate [247,249]. 

It seems as if the chloride of formic acid is temporarily produced in the form of a complex compound with cuprous chloride. 

It would be possible to consider chloride as a type 1 component in this system so that the diagram could reveal areas in which Cl2(gas), Cl, CIO3 and CIO4 predominated. However, to do so here would obscure the question of how to deal with the various chloride complexes of cuprous and cupric ions, which is the principle concern of this section. 

Figure 4. A pH-pE diagram for the Cu-Cl -H O-H -e system at 298.15 K. The activity of Cl is 101 the activities of the predominant copper solution species are 10 6. The diagram can represent only the most stable chloride complexes of cuprous and cupric and not the proportions of the various complexes.

Figure 6. A diagram showing the proportions of various chloride complexes of copper calculated as a function of chloride activity for pH < 5, pE = 10, and copper ion activities less than about 10 6. Note that the cuprous complex CuCl32 is dominant at very high chloride activities. The calculation is based on a number of assumptions (see text) that are unlikely to be entirely valid chloride activities much greater than 100 cannot be achieved readily.

An attempt to directly convert hyellazole (245) to 6-chlorohyellazole (246) by reaction with N-chlorosuccinimide in the presence of a catalytic amount of hydrochloric acid led exclusively to 4-chlorohyellazole. On the other hand, bromination of 245 using NBS and a catalytic amount of hydrobromic acid gave only the expected 6-bromohyellazole (733). Alternatively, a direct one-pot transformation of the iron complex 725 to 6-bromohyellazole (733) was achieved by reaction with an excess of NBS and switching from oxidative cyclization conditions (basic reaction medium) to electrophilic substitution conditions (acidic reaction medium). Finally, a halogen exchange reaction with 4 equivalents of cuprous chloride in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at reflux, transformed 6-bromohyellazole (733) into 6-chlorohyellazole (246) (602) (Scheme 5.73). 

Dissolution requires 1.5-2 hr. If the solution is not properly degassed, it will turn green prematurely. The green color indicates that oxygen absorption by the cuprous chloride-pyridine complex has occurred, but it also means that any undissolved cuprous chloride has been oxidized. Therefore, nitrogen should be bubbled into the flask at a brisk rate and stirring should not commence until addition of the cuprous chloride is complete. 

Cuprous bromide/dimethyl sulfide (54678-23-8), 66, 51 Cuprous chloride-pyridine complex, 66, 182 [2 + 2] CYCLOADDmON, 65, 135... 

Sodium Cuprous Fulminate, Na[Cu(ONC)g], and Di sodium-Cuprous Fulminates, Naa[(ONC 8i.3H O are solid complexes prepd by L. Wbhler et al and described in Ref 10. The first complex explodes violently by heat or impact. It was prepd by the action of cuprous chloride on NaF in w at 80°. The second complex expl violently on heating. It was prepd by the action of coned soln of MF on euDrous chloride in w at RT (pp 2754-56)... 

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