Cultivar peanuts

Fig. 5. Water-use efficiency (carbon basis) v. average carbon isotope discrimination in the whole plant, r= -0.88. Open symbols represent well-watered plants and closed symbols represent plants that were droughted. Tifton 8 A, Florunner A, VB187 and +, Chico are cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). (From Flubick etal., 1986).

Wright, G.C., Hubick, K.T. Farquhar, G.D. (1988). Discrimination in carbon isotopes of leaves correlates with water-use efficiency of field-grown peanut cultivars. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 15 (in press). 

Correlation Between Total Phenols Expressed as Percent Caffeic Acid Equivalents and Ozone Injury. Twelve cultivars of peanuts ranging from low to high ozone sensitivity were examined. Foliage of each of the cultivars was evaluated for content of total phenols before and after ozone treatment. Because of the relatively high concentrations of caffeic acid in peanut foliage, values are expressed as percent caffeic equivalents in the total phenol assay. Experimental results used in establishing the correlation between caffeic acid and ozone injury are shown in Table I. 

Table I. Index of ozone injury to foliage of 12 peanut cultivars and total plant phenol expresses "a % caffeic acid equivalents in assay...

Plant susceptibility to ozone as determined by visible injury may be very closely related to quantities of o-diphenols associated with the chloroplasts and specific requirements for activation of polyphenol oxidase enzymes. There is a significant correlation between ozone injury and concentrations of total phenols expressed as percent caffeic acid equivalents in peanut cultivars. This concept is not intended to underestimate the importance of membranes that separate phenols and enzymes. Perhaps future research will demonstrate that membranes of resistant alfalfa, green bean and other species differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from those of susceptible plants of these species. 

The brown products are much less intensely coloured when formed from less unsaturated lipids.156 The introduction of novel cultivars, such as SunOleic peanuts with only 3-6% linoleic acid, compared with the 30% of a traditional cultivar, such as Virginia, is therefore advantageous as regards the manufacture of, say, snacks, where a light colour is desirable. 

Sunflower crops cultivated in North America are derived from seeds introduced by eastern European immigrants toward the end of the nineteenth century hence, the name Russian Peanuts. Russian emigrants in the United States and Canada grew strains such as Giant or Mammoth Russian in gardens for the production of edible seeds. These served as a base for the development of improved cultivars for commercial production. The cultivated area in the United States reached 200,000 acres in 1968 most of which was destined to the production of seed for manufacture of food for human consumption, and to the bird meal market (4). 

To this group belong peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, and peanuts. All of them have fruits in the form of pods. Their shape and size depend on the cultivar. Inside the pod are seeds used as raw material in the food industry. 

Hokes, J.C. (1977) Factors affecting the oxidative stability of oils from various peanut cultivars, M.S. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. 

A simple, direct gas chromatographic procedure has been developed (27) and employed for analyzing volatile components from raw peanuts. By that method. Brown et al. (2fi[) analyzed five Cultivars grown in North Carolina and Virginia and reported that the GC-peak-area ratios of ethanol/methanol and ethanol/total volatiles were significantly correlated to taste panel flavor... 

The success of plant breeders to develop rapeseed cultivars practically devoid of erucic acid stands out as an accomplishment to the potential of genetic manipulation in plants to remove chemical constituents (see Chapter 6). The oil from these new cultivars of rapeseed has an entirely different fatty acid composition compared to the older cultivars of rapeseed, and hence by right should be considered as a new vegetable oil. For example, a typical Canadian and European high erucic acid rapeseed (FHEAR) oil, like mustard oil, is rich in erucic (22 1 n-9) and gandoic (20 1 n-9) acids, while the new low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil is rich in oleic acid (18 1 n-9) (Table I). The fatty acid composition of LEAR oil resembles that of peanut and olive oil except for linolenic acid (18 3 n-3), which is found in soybean oil at a similar level. 

Pecans are the fourth leading nut crop of the United States outranked by peanuts, almonds, and walnuts. Most U.S. pecans are grown in the southern states. About 205,000 short tons of pecans are produced annually in the United States and the leading states, by rank, are Georgia, Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana, Alabama, Oklahoma, Florida, California, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Georgia alone produces 32% of the U.S. pecan crop. Wild, or native, trees produce 22% of the pecan crop, while improved varieties (cultivars), bred for thinness of shell, produce 78% of the crop. The thin-shelled varieties are called papershell, because they can be cracked between the fingers. 

Kochert G, Halward TM, Branch WD, Simpson CE. RFLP variability in peanut cultivars and wild species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 

Jonnala RS, Dunford NT, Dashiell KE. 2005b. New High Oleic Peanut Cultivars Grown in the Southwestern U.S. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 85 125-128. 

---