Crystal saving energy

This shows the possibilities to save energy and time by a good introduction of the sweating procedure and the co-ordination of the two steps crystallization and sweating. 

Metal phosphates can be prepared by wet and dry methods. The homogeneous precipitation in aqueous systems is often employed to obtain uniformly sized and well-crystallized particles. The solid reactions can be used for preparation of some metal phosphates however, the particles with controlled morphology are difficult to synthesize. Moreover, the solid reaction consumes more energy than the reaction in aqueous system, except the hydrothermal reaction at elevated temperature. Recently the preparation from aqueous solution at low temperature received attention in view of saving energy and as an application for a wide variety of substances. Therefore the preparation of metal phosphate particles by the precipitation method is described next. Although phosphates include ortho-, pyro-, and polyphosphates, only orthophosphates are dealt with here. 

Phenyl magnesium bromide and boronic acid trimethyl ester react to give phenyl-boronic acid with high selectivity (about 90%) even at room temperature, which saves energy costs and the respective CAPEX investment [177]. The yield was about 25% higher with respect to industrial batch production. Purity of the crude product could be enhanced by about 10%, thereby allowing purification by favorable crystallization only, avoiding thus the distillation steps needed in the conventional process. 

Saving Energy and Renewable Energy Through Crystal Technology... 

Education of crystal-growth scientists and engineers would not only allow them to derive the single optimum technology for the production of a specific crystal or epilayer, but it would also lead to enormous savings of R D and production expenses, to accelerated developments in the energy problem, and it would save energy ... 

Membrane processes are very important in our everyday life, but also in industry, for example, for water and waste water treatment, in medical applications, or separation of petrochemicals. Membrane processes are an energy saving method for the separation of mixtures, which occur in nearly all production processes in the chemical industry. Membrane-based devices are much smaller and work at lower temperatures compared to conventional separation facilities with distillation, extraction, or adsorption processes. Classical separation methods used for purification of chemical products, notably distillation, extraction, and crystallization are energy and cost intensive. Over 50% of the energy costs in the chemical industry are used for the separation of gaseous or liquid mixtures. With membrane technology, the costs for difficult separations, for example, of azeotropic mixtures. 

Further steps are - distillation of the acid, followed eventually by - fractional distillation and - crystallization. The aqueous phase is concentrated and purified to get ->glycerol. Hydrolysis at low temperature can be carried out with lipases (- fermentation). Despite the possibility to save energy, this technology is still limited to special cases, e. g., the partial h. at certain positions of the triglyceride (- glycerides). 

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL SINGLE CRYSTALS FOR ENERGY SAVING... 

Development of Electro-Optical Single Crystals for Energy Saving... 

Development of Electro-Optical Single Crystals for Energy Saving Kiyoshi Shimamura, Stelian Arjoca, and Encarnacidn G. Vfliora, Daisuke Inomata, Kazuo Aoki, Akiham Funaki, Tsubasa Hatanaka, Takeshi Kizaki, and Kunihiro Naoe... 

Freeze Crystallization. Freezing may be used to form pure ice crystals, which are then removed from the slurry by screens sized to pass the fine sohds but to catch the crystals and leave behind a more concentrated slurry. The process has been considered mostly for solutions, not suspensions. However, freeze crystallization has been tested for concentrating orange juice where sohds are present (see Fruit juices). Commercial apphcations include fmit juices, coffee, beer, wine (qv), and vinegar (qv). A test on milk was begun in 1989 (123). Freeze crystallization has concentrated pulp and paper black hquor from 6% to 30% dissolved sohds and showed energy savings of over 75% compared with multiple-effect evaporation. Only 35—46 kJ/kg (15—20 Btu/lb) of water removed was consumed in the process (124). 

We will limit ourselves here to transition metals. It is well known that in these metals, the cohesive properties are largely dominated by the valence d electrons, and consequently, sp electrons can be neglected save for the elements with an almost empty or filled d valence shelP. Since the valence d atomic orbitals are rather localized, the d electronic states in the solid are well described in the tight-binding approximation. In this approximation, the cohesive energy of a bulk crystal is usually written as ... 

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