Crystal hybridization

In Secs. 13.2-13.3 the principles of toughening of thermosets by rubber particles, and the role of morphologies, interfacial adhesion, composition, and structural parameters on the toughening effect are analyzed. Section 13.4 is devoted to the use of initially miscible thermoplastics for toughening purposes. The effect of core-shell rubber particles is discussed in Sec. 13.5 and, in Sec. 13.6, miscellaneous ways of toughening thermosets (liquid crystals, hybrid composites, etc.), are analyzed. 

Kago, K., Fiirst, M., Matsuoka, H., Yamaoka, H., and Seki, T. Nanostructure of photo-chromic polymer/liquid crystal hybrid monolayer on water surface observed by in-situ x-ray rellectometry. Langmuir, 15, 2237 (1999). 

Ubukata, T., Seki, T, and Ichimura, K. Modeling the interface region of command surface. Parr 1. Structural evaluations of azobenzene/liquid crystal hybrid Langmuir monolayers. /. 

Xie GQ, Qian U, Yuan P, Tang DY, Tan WD, Yu HH et al (2010) Generation of 534 fs pulses from a passively mode-locked Nd CLNGG-CNGG disordered crystal hybrid laser. Laser Phys Lett 7 483-486... 

Bent-core liquid crystalline elastomer Bent-core nematic swollen in a liquid crystal elastomer Black lipid membranes Direct current Electroconvection Electrohydrodynamic Ferroelectric liquid crystal Hybrid-aligned nematic Human embryonic kidney Isotropic... 

Co-crystals are nothing other than intermediate compounds. Thus, the term might only be justified by the nature of the bonds connecting the partners that constitute the crystal. Nevertheless, the concept suffers from intrinsic uncertainties due to the numerous, difficult to categorize, situations in which they can occur, such as the continuum between solvate and co-crystals, hybrid salt-cocrystals, multi-epitaxy and so on. It is even possible to find the same partners with simultaneously salt-like and co-crystal-like relationships in a given crystal structure. ... 

High gain of light in photoconducting polymer-nematic liquid crystal hybrid stmctures. Opt. Commun., 187, 257-261. 

Solvent Mediated In Situ Formation of Nanoparticles/ Liquid Crystal Hybrids... 

As an alternative to native protein crystals, protein crystals cross-linked by glutaraldehyde provide attractive solid reaction vessels for preparing novel nanomaterial-in-crystal hybrids with potential application in catalysis. Au nanoparticles were S5mthesized within the solvent channels of cross-linked lysoz5mie crystals in situ without the introduction of extra chemical reagents or physical treatments (Liang et al., 2013). 

Both HF and DFT calculations can be performed. Supported DFT functionals include LDA, gradient-corrected, and hybrid functionals. Spin-restricted, unrestricted, and restricted open-shell calculations can be performed. The basis functions used by Crystal are Bloch functions formed from GTO atomic basis functions. Both all-electron and core potential basis sets can be used. 

Table 4.14 Spatial Orientation of Common Hybrid Bonds Figure 4.1 Crystal Lattice Types Table 4.15 Crystal Structure...

Separation Processes for PX. There are essentially two methods that are currendy used commercially to separate and produce high purity PX (/) crystallization and (2) adsorption. A third method, a hybrid crystallization /adsorption process, has been successfiiUy field-demonstrated and the first commercial unit is expected in the near future. 

Hybrid Crystallization/Adsorption Process. In 1994, IFP and Chevron announced the development of a hybrid process that reportedly combines the best features of adsorption and crystallization (59,99). In this option of the Eluxyl process, the adsorbent bed is used to initially produce PX of 90—95% purity. The PX product from the adsorption section is then further purified in a small single-stage crystallizer and the filtrate is recycled back to the adsorption section. It is reported that ultrahigh (99.9+%) purity PX can be produced easily and economically with this scheme for both retrofits of existing crystallization units as well as grass-roots units. A demonstration plant was built at Chevron s Pascagoula refinery in 1994. 

Nonlinear Optical Devices. A transparent, optically active, sol—gel-derived organic—inorganic glass has been synthesized (68). This hybrid consists of a 2,4-dinitroaminophenylpropyl-triethoxysilane covalently bound to a siUcon alkoxide-derived siUca network. This hybrid exhibits a strong electric field-induced second harmonic signal and showed no signs of crystallization. 

The first triaryknethane dyes were synthesized on a strictiy empirical basis in the late 1850s an example is fuchsine, which was prepared from the reaction of vinyl chloride with aniline. Thek stmctural relationship to triphenylmethane was estabHshed by Otto and Fmil Fischer (5) with the identification of pararosaniline [569-61-9] as 4,4, 4 -triaminotriphenyknethane and the stmctural elucidation of fuchsine. Several different stmctures have been assigned to the triaryknethane dyes (6—8), but none accounts precisely for the observed spectral characteristics. The triaryknethane dyes are therefore generally considered to be resonance hybrids. However, for convenience, usually only one hybrid is indicated, as shown for crystal violet [548-62-9] Cl Basic Violet 3 (1), for which = 589 nm. 

In this work hybrid method is suggested to determine anionic surfactants in waters. It is based on preconcentration of anionic surfactants as their ion associates with cationic dyes on the membrane filter and measurement of colour intensity by solid-phase spectrophotometry method. Effect of different basic dyes, nature and hydrophobicity of anionic surfactants, size of membrane filter pores, filtration rate on sensitivity of their determination was studied. Various cationic dyes, such as Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, Malachite Green, Rhodamine 6G, Safranin T, Acridine Yellow were used as counter ions. The difference in reflection between the blank and the sample was significant when Crystal Violet or Rhodamine 6G or Acridine Yellow were used. 

Some polymer is also formed but this can be converted into the bicyclic S11N2 by refluxing in CS2. The X-ray crystal structure (Fig. 15.37b) shows that the 2 N atoms are planar.This has been interpreted in terms of sp hybridization at N, with some delocalization of the p. lone-pair of electrons into S-based orbitals, thus explaining the considerably diminished donor power of the molecule. S11N2 is stable at room temperature but begins to decompose when heated above 145°. 

FIGURE 14.30 Structure of diamond. Each carbon atom is sp hybridized and forms tetrahedral rr-bonds to four neighbors. This pattern is repeated throughout the crystal and accounts for diamond s great hardness. 

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