Liquefied gases cryogenic

For safety reasons, only special materials, such as austenitic, low temperature steels or aluminium alloys are used for cryogenic liquefied gases, that still dispose of sufficient fracture toughness at low design temperatures of down to 4 K (liquid He). 

In the case of cryogenic liquefied gas filled into cryogenic vessels of redelivery to users, each vessel should be tested for identity and assay. 

In addition, there are numerous smaller gas companies active at national or even regional levels. The strength of local gas companies often lies in the high costs entailed in transporting compressed gas in steel cylinders and cryogenically liquefied gas in tank trucks. Production in the customers vicinity is therefore a more economical alternative. 

The selection of materials for high-temperature applications is discussed by Day (1979). At low temperatures, less than 10°C, metals that are normally ductile can fail in a brittle manner. Serious disasters have occurred through the failure of welded carbon steel vessels at low temperatures. The phenomenon of brittle failure is associated with the crystalline structure of metals. Metals with a body-centred-cubic (bcc) lattice are more liable to brittle failure than those with a face-centred-cubic (fee) or hexagonal lattice. For low-temperature equipment, such as cryogenic plant and liquefied-gas storages, austenitic stainless steel (fee) or aluminium alloys (hex) should be specified see Wigley (1978). 

Liquid cryogenic gasses like nitrogen or helium should always be handled in well ventilated places. When a liquefied gas container fails, for example, by a sudden leak due to mechanical damage, large amounts of gas may come free with the risk of asphyxiation and/or cold bums. 

Cryogenic Liquid A cryogenic liquid is a refrigerated liquefied gas having a boiling point colder than -130 °F at one atmosphere, absolute. A material that meets this definition is subject to the same requirements tor compressed gases widrout regard to whether it meets the standard definition of a compressed gas. 

On LNG liquefaction or re-gasification plants, many SRVs will be installed to protect equipment and personnel against the dangers of the same overpressures discussed earlier in this book. The valves considered here, however, must operate on cold cryogenic gas or liquefied gas. Just for reference, cold is arbitrarily defined as any service below -30°C, and cryogenic as any service below -100°C. 

Hydrogen in a pure form can be stored as a highly compressed gas at up to 700 bar, cryogenically liquefied at —253 °C or in hybrid form. 

Storage as cryogenic liquid (extremely cold liquefied gas),... 

Merrill, R. C. 1983. Liquid-liquid-vapor phenomena in cryogenic liquefied natural gas systems. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Notre Dame. 

CRYOGENIC VESSEL A container designed to contain liquefied gas at extremely low temperature. 

Division 2.2 (non-flammable, nonpoisonous compressed gas—including compressed gas, liquefied gas, pressurized cryogenic gas, compressed gas in solution, asphyxiant gas and oxidizing... 

Cryogenic liquid. A cryogenic liquid means a refrigerated liquefied gas having a boiling point colder than -90°C (-130°F) at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) absolute. [Text continues.] US 173.115(g)... 

Argon - cryogenic fiber short solid one exper. liquefied gas 4.4.6... 

One of the major benefits of handling gases in liquefied form is the enormous reduction in volume resulting from the liquefaction of gas. Savings are achieved because one cubic foot of liquefied gas is equivalent to many hundreds of cubic feet of gas volume at normal pressure and temperature. Thus the handling of cryogenic fluids requires less container space. 

At room temperature, ammonia is one of the most stable compounds in commerce (Czuppon et al., 1992), but it decomposes only at very high temperatures (above 450°C). One of its main hazards arises from the fact that it is transported as a liquefied gas under pressure (cryogenic) and on release quickly evaporates and dissipates. It has also been known to explode or catch fire. Many models have treated ammonia as a heavy gas because the vapor... 

Atmospheric Heat Transfer to Vertical Tanks Filled with Liquid Oxygen (4) 307 Some Methods for Reducing Heat Leak Through Support Members in Liquefied Gas Storage Vessels (4> 410 Cryogenic Tankage for Space Flight Applications (5) 95... 

Some gases can also have a toxic effect on the human system either by being inhaled or by having high vapor concentrations of liquefied gas come in contact with the skin or eyes. Precautions against liquefied gases and cryogenic... 

Carbon dioxide is stored in pressure-liquefied state in small containers like compressed gas cylinders and cylinder bundles. Large quantities of COj are transported in special tank trucks respectively railroad tank cars in cryogenic liquefied state, analogous to the gases described in Table 11.1. For the transport of solid CO2 (dry ice), coolers e.g. of polystyrene are used (cf Chapter 6). 

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