Crude oil refining

Table 1. Generalized Distillation Ranges for Products Obtained During Crude Oil Refining...

The carbon footprint of transport fuels has been analyzed in several studies starting from 1990. One of the most important is the study realized by Sheehan et al. [13] at National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States.This is an LCA study that includes the impact of C02 emissions. Most important operations belonging to the petroleum diesel product system include crude oil extraction, its transport to an oil refinery, crude oil refining to diesel fuel, its transportation to the user, and its use in a bus engine. 

When comparing the refined motor gasoline and diesel fuel produced in the Hydrocol Fe-HTFT refinery (Tables 18.6 and 18.7) with those obtained from the original Sasol 2 and 3 Fe-HTFT refinery (Table 18.9), there is surprisingly little difference in quality. The crude oil refining approach followed for Sasol 2 and 3 resulted in a more complex and costly refinery design to achieve essentially the same product quality as the Hydrocol refinery. 

A 245-acre crude oil refining, processing, and storage facility located adjacent to the site discussed in Section 12.5 is bordered by other refineries and aboveground tank farms, and changed ownership around 1991. The site was initially characterized... 

Thermal cracking was the first crude oil refining process to contribute more useful products from a barrel of oil than straight distillation [80]. Houdry s development of catalytic cracking shortly before World War II spurred then Standard Oil of New... 

The processes utilized in the refinery to produce finished fuels such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and heating oil can be quite complex. Constant monitoring of the refining process is required by engineers. This is because the characteristics of the various crude oils refined can change frequently and also because the finished product volume demand can change often. 

Fuels and other petroleum products are derived from crude oil through the use of a variety of different refining process techniques. Distillation, however, is the first significant processing step taken in crude oil refining. Both atmospheric and vacuum distillation can be utilized to process crude oil into fuels and other products. 

Heavy Fuel Oil A residue of crude oil refining. The product remaining after gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, and other distillates have been removed. 

Asphalt Roofing Components. Asphalt (qv) is a unique building material which occurs both naturally and as a by-product of crude-oil refining. Because the chemical composition of crude oils differs from source to source, the physical properties of asphalts derived from various crudes also differ. However, these properties can be tailored by further processing to fit the application for which the asphalt will be used. Softening point, ductility, flash point, and viscosity—temperature relationship are only a few of the asphalt properties that are important in the fabrication of roofing products. 

About half of LP gas is produced in association with production of natural gas and half is produced in association with crude oil refining. It is undesirable to leave LP gases in natural gas as they come out of the ground because of their tendency to liquefy under modest pressures, such as those that exist in natural gas pipelines. 

It is a fact that in recent years, the average quality of crude oil has become worse. This is reflected in a progressive decrease in API gravity (i.e., increase in density) and a rise in sulfur content (Swain, 1991, 1993). However, it is now believed that there has been a continued tendency for the quality of crude oil feedstocks to deteriorate (Swain, 1998). Be that as it may, the nature of crude oil refining has changed considerably. This, of course, has led to the need to manage crude quality more effectively through evaluation (Chapter 2) and prod-... 

The investments shown are estimated for an urban midcontinent location. As mentioned above, the estimate for the boiler plant is based on coal-fired burners with attendant stack gas sulfur dioxide (SC ) removal facilities. As indicated on Table XX, no allowance is made for (a) coal resource costs, (b) coal mining or handling, (c) conversion of coal to oil by SRC-II process, (d) SRC-II oil transportation to, or (e) refined product distribution and transportation from the refinery. These additional costs are not required to evaluate refinery processing costs. However, they should be included if it is desired to determine the overall economics of a specific synthetic crude oil refining project. 

Caldwell, R. D. and Eyerman, S. M., "Chemicals from Coal-Derived Synthetic Crude Oils," Refining of Synthetic Crudes, edited by Martin L. Gorbaty and Brian M. Harney, Advances in Chemistry Series 179, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1979 pp 145-158. 

The H-Coal process is a development of Hydrocarbon Research Inc. (HRI). It converts coal by catalytic hydrogenation to substitutes for petroleum ranging from a low sulfur fuel oil to an all distillate synthetic crude, the latter representing a potential source of raw material for the petrochemical industry. The process is a related application to HRI s H-Oil process which is used commercially for the desulfurization of residual oils from crude oil refining. 

According to Ramirez, biocatalytic processes could be useful in crude oil refining because ... 

Figure 4.1 Primary products from crude oil refining...

Unlike adhesive formulations, which can be controlled by the manufacturer, the natural composition of the bitumen largely controls the property of the modified product. The composition of bitumen, a by-product of crude oil refining, is complex and varies with the crude oil source. Its primary components are ... 

The conventional crude oil refining process consists of four steps (2,4—6). The first step is degumming to remove the phospholipids. Cmde vegetable oils can either be... 

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