Crude com oil

The com is not milled. It is first steeped in a solution of water and sulfur dioxide for 24 8 h. This looseus the germ and hull fibers. The germ is then removed from the kernel, and com oil is extracted from the ranoved germ. The crude com oil can then be processed in an edible oil plant. 

Crude com oil contains lecithins, whose role is to stabilize the oil and to deposit it as energy reserve in the seeds. During the oil extraction, a part of these disperses in the oil usually, they are separated and sold as special products (List, 1989). 

All fats and oils and fat-containing foods contain a number of phospholipids. The lowest amounts of phospholipid are present in pure animal fats such as lard and beef tallow. In some crude vegetable oils, such as cottonseed, com, and soybean oils, phospholipids may be present at levels of 2 to 3 percent. Fish, Crustacea, and mollusks contain approximately 0.7 percent of phospholipids in the muscle tissue. Phospholipids are surface active, because they contain a lipophilic and hydrophilic portion. Since they can easily be hydrated, they can be removed from fats and oils during the refin-... 

Crude fats and oils consist primarily of glycerides. However, they also contain many other hpids in minor quantitites. Com oil, for example, may contain glycerides plus phosphoUpids, glycolipids, many isomers of sitosterol and stigmasterol (plant steroids), several tocopherols (vitamins E), vitamin A, waxes, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as squalane and dozens of carotenoids and chlorophyll compounds, as well as many products of decomposition, hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization of any of the natural constituents. 

Sunflower lecithin is not produced in considerable amounts worldwide. This is mainly because of the low lecithin content of crude sunflower oil as compared with 2.9% for soybean, 1.9% for canola, 2.4% for cottonseed, and 2.0-2.7% for com oil (normalized at 70% of insolubles in acetone). Lecithin removal from sunflower oil may be justified in strong sunflower producer countries. It may be used as a food additive in view of its high phosphatidylcholine and essential fatty acid content. Upon refining and fractioning stages, the quality of sunflower lecithin may be improved for the manufacture of food products and cosmetics. 

High aliphatic alcohols and wax esters in which aliphatic alcohols or sterols are esterified to fatty or phenolic acids are also present in cmde vegetable oils at low levels and are partially removed in the winterization process during oil refining. Waxes, mainly esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids and a monounsaturated alcohol, especially eicosenoic alcohol, are found in crude vegetable oils such as olive, sunflower, soybean or peanut but are absent from com or rice bran oils... 

Fat. Fats tend to depress the cellulolytic activity of rumen microorganisms. For example 3% of com oil was sufficient to depress the digestibility of crude fiber in rations high in com cobs and cottonseed hulls, and 10% com oil produced a pronounced depression (42). Addition of alfalfa ash offset this effect when com oil did not exceed 5%... 

Crude RBO was used as starting material for the fractionation experiments. Table n shows the conqxrsition of the starting material. It should be noted that FFA conqrosition of the crude RBO is higher ( 5%, w/w) than that of the oflier vegetable oils such as soybean and com oil wAv) due to the presence... 

Waxes content in crude vegetable oils is extremely variable. Sunflower, rice, and com oils have waxes in their composition, and cmde sunflower oil can have 1.0% w/w of wax [61]. 

Voegele E. Finland-based UPM plans crude tail oil renewable diesel plant. Biomass Mag February 10, 2012. http //biomassmagazine.com/articles/7617/finland-based-upm-plans-crude-tall-oil-renewable-diesel-plant/ ref=brm. 

The membrane separation process was initially conducted in degumming vegetable oil and then was adapted for the recovery of carotenoids. Dense polymeric membranes are employed in this system and are very effective in the separatirm of xanthophylls, phospholipids, and chlorophyll, with retention of 80-100 %, producing an oil rich in carotenes [72,73]. This process, however, requires an additional step of hydrolysis or transesterification. Chiu, Coutinho, and Gruigalves examined the membrane technology as an alternative to concentrate carotenoids from crude palm oil in detriment of ethyl esters. A flat sheet polymeric membrane constituted by polyethersulfone was used and obtained a retention rate of 78.5 % [74]. Damoko and Cheryan obtained similar results using nanofiltration with 2.76 MPa and 40 °C in red palm methyl esters [75]. Whereas Tsui and Cheryan combined ultraiiltration with nanofiltration to separate zein and xanthophylls from ethanolic com extract [76]. 

Stamler (1956) described a diet which causes a toxemia of pregnancy in rats. The effect disappeared when com oil was given instead of cod liver oil. Crude linoleic acid was approximately as effective. The eclamptic disease could be prevented by prior treatment of the test animals with vitamin E (a-tocopherol) or lettuce or by adding these substances to the toxic diet. 

The cod liver oil proved to be the critical component of the diet. Substitution by com oil made the diet nontoxic, and crude linoleic acid was approximately as effective. The eclamptic disease could be prevented by treating the animals with a-tocopherol or lettuce before the toxic diet was given, or by adding these materials to the eclamptogenic diet. Apart from a possible toxic effect of the vitamin D, it is also possible that the oil itself has a toxic effect. It is known that highly unsaturated acids are present which do not have the activity of the essential unsaturated fatty acids, because they have cis-trans and trans-trans configurations instead of the active cis-ds form. Even deficiency of the essential unsaturated fatty acids may be promoted. The crude linoleic acid, which was not quite as active as corn oil, may contain about 50% of the inactive cis-trans configura-tion(s). The vitamin E content of the com oil is probably important also. 

Jitputtii, J., et al., 2006. Transesterification of crude palm kernel oil and crude coconut oil by different soUd catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal 116 (1), 61—66. Available at http //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S 1385894705004122 (accessed 21.06.14). 

Continuing further with the recovery aspects from coke oven gas reference may be drawn to the recovery of light oil (crude benzol). In a typical process used, the coke oven gas (from which benzol is to be recovered) after removal of tar, ammonia etc. is passed through the benzol scrubber where the benzol vapours are scrubbed by wash oil flowing countercurrent to the gas. Benzolised wash oil is then pumped to the recovery section where the crude benzol, absorbed in the wash oil is stripped off by steam. The steam vapour mixture, com-... 

It should be pointed out that the raw materials for VAM and its related polymers (i.e. ethylene and acetic acid) are produced from fossil resources, mainly crude oil. It is possible to completely substitute the feedstock for these raw materials and switch to ethanol, which can be produced from renewable resources like sugar cane, com, or preferably straw and other non-food parts of plants. Having that in mind, the whole production of PVAc, that nowadays is based on traditional fossil resources, could be switched to a renewable, sustainable and C02-neutral production process based on bioethanol, as shown in Fig. 3. If the vinyl acetate circle can be closed by the important steps of biodegradation or hydrolysis and biodegradation of vinyl ester-based polymers back to carbon dioxide, then a tmly sustainable material circle can be established. 

Example calculation. The previous example of a typical crude containing 10% produced saltwater contained 70 pptb for 0.1% RS W and 140 pptb for 0.2% BS W. And each barrel of remnant water contained 70 pounds of NaCl (equivalent). To dilute this concentration enough to market a 10 pptb crude oil, then the following calculations will determine the amount of dilution water required for a com-jurison of cases A and B—single stage electrostatic and mechanical separation, respectively, Table 2. The calculation basis is 1.000 barrels net oil and the systems in Fig. 2 arc ass limed. 

Benz(crude) is obtd comly by fractnl distn of light oil, which in turn is formed as a by-product in the high temp destructuve distn of coal it is obtd from coke oven gas, carburated water gas, and by the cracking of gasoline under press and elevtd temp(Ref 7)... 

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