Crowding out

The optimal conditions for the complexation were found. The luminescence of Tb " in (L ) complex was established to observed in a range of pH 2,0-11,0 with maximum at 7,0-7,5. The Tb (III) luminescence in complex with (L ) aslo depends on amount of reagents, solvent nature, amount of surfactants and trioctylphosphinoxide (TOPO). It was shown that introduction into the system Tb-L the 3-fold excess sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) increases the luminescence intensity by 40 times and introduction into the system Tb-L the 3-fold excess TOPO increases the luminescence intensity by 25 times by the order value connecting with the crowding out of water molecules from the inner sphere of complexes. 

Returning briefly to the subject of alcoholism and the work done on the subject in the author s laboratory, we may call attention to the fact that alcoholism is often classified as a mental disease. It is induced, in certain susceptible individuals, by a chemical agent, alcohol, the consumption of which in the amounts commonly used is conducive to the production of nutritional deficiencies because alcohol crowds out of the diet foods which yield minerals, amino acids, and vitamins. 

For very high Cq the poison-free Monod equation just can t apply, for even if there is plenty enough food the cells will crowd out each other, and growth will slow down and will eventually stop. So, for very high cell concentration, we must go to product poison kinetics. 

Availability of vouchers may crowd out private health insurance coverage. If vouchers make being uninsured better than it would otherwise be, fewer persons may be expected to purchase insurance. But states have implemented policies to deter crowd-out for other government health insurance programs. ... 

The effect of crowd-out of demand for private health insurance will be limited to the degree that the public subsidy is limited. Although expenditures on vaccines have risen in recent years, expenditures on vaccines remain a small part of total health expenditures. Thus, although the voucher distorts choices between spending on health insurance and other goods for some households, the magnitude of the distortion, in and of itself, is likely to be minor. 

In Section VI survey evidence about the response of private investment in R D to changes in economic incentives. Evidence about a number of policies (including R D tax credits, intellectual property, defense procurement, and the Orphan Drug Act) and events suggests that private vaccine development and production is likely to be quite responsive to enhanced incentives (or diminished disincentives), and that expansion of the government s role is likely to crowd out private investment. Conclusions are presented in Section VI. 

Expansion of the government s role is likely to crowd out private investment. Lichtenberg (1984) provides estimates of the relationship between company and federal R D, based on data compiled by the National Science Foundation for the period 1967-1977. The availability of firm-level panel data on both R D expenditure and employment permitted investigation... 

Davidson, G., L. A. Blewett, K. T. Call, and SHADA Center. 2004. Public Program Crowd-out of Private Coverage What Are the Issues Research Synthesis Report No. 5. Available at www.rwJf.org/publications/synthesis/reportsjnd briefs/issue5.html. 

Kronick, R., and T. Gilmer. 2002. Insuring Low-Income Adults Does Public Coverage Crowd Out Private Health Affairs 2 ) 22S-2i9. 

Keith Hartley and John Singleton, Defence R and D and crowding out . Science and Public Policy, 17 (1990), 152-6. 

Elster (1999b) refers to this kind of dependency as "crowding out." Elster rightly rejects it as a necessary condition of addiction. 

Crowding out (the search for the addictive experience dominates life)... 

What Billy was into the office before he could say anything. Are you serious Have you seen the crowd out there So much for your late licence. 

In those cases where the anodic compound formed by the action of the discharged anions upon the anode metal is insoluble, i.e. lead sulphate formed by the action of sulphate ions upon a lead anode, the anode is speedily covered with the insoluble product, and further action is prevented. Luckow1 showed that this difficulty can be obviated by using a considerable quantity of a secondary salt (sodium chlorate), the anions of which attack the anode and crowd out the anions of the primary salt, so that precipitation takes place a short distance from the anode, and the product falls continuously to the bottom of the vat instead of clinging to the anode surface. 

Two types of functional food are not designed to provide us with dietary components, but to provide food for the microbes that inhabit our gut. These are the so-called probiotic and prebiotic foods. The former are meant to introduce better bacteria into our intestines, while the latter feed the bacteria that are already there in the hope of boosting more of the good bacteria and thereby helping them crowd out the bad bacteria. Various health claims have been made for these foods. 

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