Cross-reactivity cause

The cephalosporins generally cause few side effects (80,132,219—221). Thrombophlebitis occurs as a result of intravenous administration of all cephalosporins. Hypersensitivity reactions related to the cephalosporins are the most common side effects observed, but these are less common than found with the penicillins. Clinically only about 5—10% of patients with allergic reactions to the penicillins manifest the same reactions to the cephalosporins, and data would contradict any tme cross-reactivity to cephalosporins in patients who have previously reacted to penicillin (80,132,219). 

Allergy mediated by selective IgE to certain types of NSAIDs by which symptoms are caused exclusively by a specific group of NSAIDs and no cross-reactivity exists with the other groups of anti-inflammatories. In a study carried out with 26 methimazole-allergic patients with IgE-mediated reactions [33], 14 of which developed anaphylaxis, BAT showed a sensitivity of 42% with an optimum specificity of 100%. No other validated in vitro test exists to date for the diagnosis of this disorder and so it represents an essential aid to diagnosis. 

The analytical response generated by an immunoassay is caused by the interaction of the analyte with the antibody. Although immunoassays have greater specificity than many other analytical procedures, they are also subject to significant interference problems. Interference is defined as any alteration in the assay signal different from the signal produced by the assay under standard conditions. Specific (cross-reactivity) and nonspecific (matrix) interferences may be major sources of immunoassay error and should be controlled to the greatest extent possible. Because of their different impacts on analyses, different approaches to minimize matrix effects and antibody cross-reactivity will be discussed separately. 

IgE -mediated urticarial/angioedema reactions and anaphylaxis are associated with aspirin and NSAIDs. Urticaria is the most common form of IgE-mediated reaction. This class is second only to fi-lactams in causing anaphylaxis. The potential for cross-reactivity between agents in IgE-mediated reactions appears small, but caution is advised. Because aspirin therapy is highly beneficial in primary and secondary prevention in... 

The reaction of ASIB with sulfhydryl-containing molecules can be done at mildly alkaline pH with excellent specificity. Higher pH conditions may cause cross-reactivity with amines. 

Cough and angioedema are the most common causes of ACE inhibitor intolerance. Caution should be exercised when ARBs are used in patients with angioedema from ACE inhibitors because cross-reactivity has been reported. ARBs are not alternatives in patients with hypotension, hyperkalemia, or renal insufficiency due to ACE inhibitors because they are just as likely to cause these adverse effects. 

The mechanism most commonly invoked to explain the association of infection with autoimmune disease is molecular mimicry that is, the concept that antigens (or more properly, epitopes) of the microorganism closely resemble self-antigens.50 The induction of an immune response to the microbial antigen thus results in cross-reactivity with selfantigens and the induction of autoimmunity. Although epitope specific cross-reactivity has been shown in some animal models,48,51 53 molecular mimicry is clearly demonstrated to be the causative mechanism in few, if any, human diseases.3 54,55... 

Cross-reactivity The amount of a similar substance that will cause the same displacement of labelled antigen from the antibody as an arbitrary amount of the antigen. The usual definition is ID50, which is the concentration of cross-reacting material required to displace 50% of labelled hapten from the antibody. 

Bioactive-peptide-functionalized CNTs can cause strong anti-peptide immunological responses in mice, no cross-reactivity against CNTs was detected (Pantarotto et al., 2003 Salvetat et al., 2006). Employing fully the advantages of CNTs and proteins may fabricate a lot of nanomotor or nanoscale machinery with unique function. 

Variation in % CL of the catalyst support most likely affects intraparticle diffusion more than it affects intrinsic reactivity. Increased cross-linking causes decreased swelling of the polymer by good solvents. Thus the overall contents of the gel become more polystyrene-like and less solvent-like as the % CL is increased. Fig. 5 shows the... 

At further anaesthetics, prevention obviously involves attempts to identify the causative agent, and avoidance of this where possible. There can be cross-reactivity between muscle relaxants. Preemptive histamine (Fll and FI2)... 

Endotoxicity results from the interaction of a bacterial cell envelope component (e.g., LPS or PG with a cell surface receptor constituting part of the nonspecific immune system, (i.e., a toll-like receptor on white blood cells). This results in the production of cytokines [e.g., interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)] as part of an intracellular enzyme cascade which can cause severe tissue injury. Bioassays or immunoassays can be used to detect such reactions respectively. As noted above the most widely used bioassay is the LAL assay. A lysate of amoebo-cytes of the horseshoe crab (Limulus) contains an enzymatic clotting cascade which is activated by extremely low levels of LPS (nanogram levels or lower). There are variants of this assay that can detect PG, but they are not as widely used. As noted above, other bioassays employ cultured cell lines that respond to LPS or PG, respectively. Unfortunately bioassays are highly amenable to false positives (from the presence of cross-reactive substances) or false negatives from inhibition (by contaminants present in the sample) [10]. A detailed discussion of these assays is beyond the scope of this chapter and has been reviewed elsewhere [1]. 

In fact, small amounts of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, and thebaine, all opiate compounds, have been found in mammalian brain877 878 and have presumably arisen by the same pathway observed in plants (Fig. 25-10). However, there is no cross reactivity between morphine and alcohol in addicted mice,879 and acetaldehyde is probably not the addictive agent. Acetaldehyde is very reactive and may be responsible for much of the damage caused by ethanol.880 At a blood ethanol concentration of 20 mm a person is legally intoxicated, and large amounts of acetaldehyde may be formed and react with many amines, nucleotides, proteins, etc. Ethanol blocks glutamatergic NMDA receptors and... 

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