Critical incidents frequency

The above argument assumes that the intrinsic phase change of each wave on being scattered by atoms W and Y is the same and thus can be ignored. This assumption holds in the case of normal scattering, that is, if the frequency of the incident radiation is much greater than the critical absorption frequencies of the irradiated atoms. When, however, the incident wavelength is a little shorter... 

Researchers anticipate that the database created as part of the 100 Car Study will provide a wealth of information, similar to the information provided by a crash database, but with a great deal more detail. Data analysis will be conducted for vehicle-following and reaction time, the effects of distractions (e.g., electronic devices), driver behavior in proximity to heavy trucks, and the quantitative relationship between the frequency of crashes and other critical incidents. However, a primary purpose of the 100 Car Study is to develop instrumentation and data collection and analysis techniques for much larger studies (e.g., a study of 10,000 cars). 

The critical incident technique was used to sample information about type and frequency of near miss situations. Questionnaires were employed to record physical and personal stress factors at work and the individual assessment of different accident causes. In particular, the following topics were rated by the workers ... 

In situations where absorption of the incident radiation by the transducing gas is troublesome a piezoelectric transducer (made from barium titanate, for example) can be attached to the sample (or sample cuvette in the case of liquids) to detect the thermal wave generated in the sample by the modulated light (8,9). The low frequency, critically damped thermal wave bends the sample and transducer thus producing the piezoelectric response. The piezoelectric transducer will also respond to a sound wave in the solid or liquid but only efficiently at a resonant frequency of the transducer typically of the order of 10 to 100 KHz (see Figure 4). Thus neither in the case of microphonic nor piezoelectric detection is the PA effect strictly an acoustic phenomenon but rather a thermal diffusion phenomenon, and the term "photoacoustic" is a now well established misnomer. 

A causal factor, also known as a critical factor or contributing cause, is a major unplanned, unintended contributor to the incident (a negative occurrence or undesirable condition), that if eliminated would have either prevented the occurrence, or reduced its severity or frequency. 

The critical energy required for a photon to remove an electron is then hvc = q>, where Vc is the critical frequency of the photon and h is Planck s constant. When the frequency of the incident radiation is less than the critical frequency, electrons will not be ejected. Similarly, when the wavelength of the incident radiation is greater than the critical wavelength, Xc, electrons will also not be emitted (recall that V = c/X, where c is the speed of light in vacuum). This relationship between... 

The internal angle of incidence is generally chosen to be 20° so that it is close to the critical angle of total internal reflection. The infrared absorption of each of the monolayers is measured both with and without the metal layers. The ATR technique is used only over the frequency range for which the substrate is transparent. For silicon substrates, this limits the applicable frequency ranges to between 4000 and 1700 cm 1 and below 420 cm 1. 

The incidence of CMIN in the hterature ranges from less than 1% to over 70% [23-27]. This discrepancy results from the lack of a single reliable definition, different methods of investigation, different types of radiological procedures, use of high or low osmolar contrast media and the presence or absence of risk factors. In patients without any risk factor the incidence is less than 1% despite the use of up to 800 ml of contrast media [28]. In patients at high risk the frequency of CMIN has been reported to increase in the last few years, which seems to be related to the wider use of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in elderly and critically ill patients [29]. Multivariate analysis revealed in-hospital dialysis and an increase in baseline serum creatinine levels as the most important predictors of... 

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