Creatinine excretion daily

Daily intake (mg/kg/day) = urinary concentration (mg/g creatine) x creatinine excretion (g/kg/day) x (monoester in urine (mol)/diester ingested (mol)) x (molecular weight of diester (g/mol)/molecular weight of monoester (g/mol)). 

Table 10.2 Daily Creatinine Excretion Per kg of Body Weight as Function of Age and Gender ...

In children above 2 years of age, the situation is not substantially different from adults as far as the relative amounts of amino acids excreted are concerned. In fact, only very few really satisfactory data have been obtained so far in urines from children above 2 years of age. We present therefore in Fig. 3 a typical chromatogram of a 24-hr specimen of urine of a normal child, 2 years old, as drawn from Vis observations. Comparison of quantitative data concerning daily excretions are rendered difficult because of the differences in body size. The 24-hr basis alone is not suitable. It is necessary to compare data on the basis of percentage of total nitrogen excretion, or per kilogram of body weight, a procedure adopted by Jonxis and Huisman. We do not believe it suitable or safe to choose a comparison factor based on creatinine excretion. 

Carboxymethylethanolamine (CME) has been shown to be present in red blood cell membrane hydrolysates at ca 0.14 mmol mol 1 ethanolamine. Carboxymethyllysine was present in the membrane proteins at ca 0.2 mmol mol-1 lysine, in both cases there being no difference between samples from diabetic (free of complications) and nondiabetic subjects.142 CME was also detected in fasting urine at 2-3 nmol mg 1 of creatinine from samples of both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Requena et al.142 calculate a value of the 2.8 //mol CME excreted daily, > 99% arising from the normal turnover of membrane lipids of cells other than RBC. 

The urinary excretion kinetics of chromium have also been examined in eight adults that were administered chromium(III) at 400 pg/day as chromium(III) picolinate for 3 consecutive days (Gargas et al. 1994). The mean time to peak urinary concentration was 7.18 2.11 hours (range 2.9-13.0 hours), the mean peak concentration being 7.92 4.24 pg chromium/g creatinine (range 3.58-19.13 pg/g creatinine). Excretion diminished rapidly after the peak but did not appear to return to background in most of the volunteers before the next daily dose. 

These processes have been illustrated by the administration of glycine-N to a dystrophic patient (B12, R7), when the isotope content of the daily urinary creatinine excretion quickly reached a low, constant level, while that of creatine at the same time rose to a value some 10 times higher and took 11 days to sink again to the same level. The inter-... 

In order to use the SIMEX algorithm on this data, an estimate of the measurement variance for creatinine clearance must be obtained. In discussions with clinical chemists, the upper limit of measurement error associated with measuring serum or urine creatinine using the Jaffe Reaction is 5%. Assuming mean 24 hour values for urinary volume, urinary daily creatinine excretion, and serum creatinine of 1000 mL, 1.5 g, and 1.1 mg/dL, respectively, an approximate measurement error variance for creatinine clearance was found to be 60 (mL/min)2. 

Estimated 24-h excretion is the iodineioreatinine ratio multiplied the expected daily creatinine excretion for the given individual by. Rasmussen et ai, (2002). 

Figure 116.1 Iodine excretion in casual urine samples of 60-65-year-old Danish subjects, who are users or nonusers of iodine supplements, living in an area with a relatively high intake of iodine (eastern part of Denmark, Copenhagen), before and after iodization. This figure indicates that even without supplements the dietary intake of iodine seems to be sufficient after iodization. The estimated 24-h excretion is the iodineicreatinine ratio multiplied by the expeoted daily creatinine excretion for the given individual (Rasmussen et aL, 2002). Unpublished data from the Danish Investigation of Iodine Intake and Thyroid Disease.

In a variety of clinical situations, it is important to have an estimate of muscle mass and to be able to monitor changes in this large protein pool. The most widely used method to obtain this estimate is based on a 24-h creatinine excretion [341]. The relationship found between daily creatinine output and muscle mass has been variously expressed by authors [342-344], though the validity of this procedure has been questioned [345]. 

We performed a cross sectional study in the commune of Randers, East Jutland. All subjects bom in 1920 were invited to participate, and 423 (63%) participated. A careful history was taken on the intake of vitamin/mineral tablets and other possible sources of supplementary iodine. In 51.5% of the subjects no evidence of extra iodine intake was obtained. These subjects had a median urinary iodine excretion of 36 Mg/g creatinine in a morning spot urine. In Denmark the daily creatinine excretion in urine is in the order of 1 g in this age group. Regular iodine supplementation in the form of daily intake of iodine containing vitamin/mineral tablets was taken by approximately one third of the population while many took various health products of unknown composition. 

The amounts of DiAcSpm and creatinine excreted in the urine vary considerably over the course of the day, but the levels vary in parallel. As a result, dividing the amount of DiAcSpm excreted by the amount of creatinine excreted greatly diminishes the variation observed in spot urine samples and yields a good approximation of the total amount of daily DiAcSpm excretion divided by the total amount of daily creatinine excretion. Therefore, any spot urine sample can be used to obtain a reasonable estimate of daily DiAcSpm excretion in nmol DiAcSpm/g creatinine (Hiramatsu et al. 2013). 

Calculation of ID using biological monitoring techniques requires the knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of the parent pesticide in laboratory animals. This will allow the use of the parent or its urine metabolite(s) to calculate the total amount of the parent that had been absorbed through the skin of the test subject. The amount of the residue in the urine should be corrected for any molecular weight differences between the parent and its urine metabolite(s) and also corrected for daily urine excretion volumes based on creatinine analysis of the urine samples. 

The therapeutic dose of acamprosate is 666 mg orally three times daily, and it is supplied as a 333 mg tablet. It can be started at the full dose in most patients without titration. It differs from disulfiram and naltrexone in that it is excreted by the kidneys without liver metabolism. Consequently, it is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 mL/minute), and dose reduction is necessary when the creatinine clearance is between 30 and 50 mL/minute. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal and include nausea and diarrhea. Rates of suicidal thoughts were also increased in patients treated for 1 year with acamprosate (2.4%) versus placebo (0.8%). If necessary the total daily dose maybe decreased by 1 to 3 tablets (333-999 mg) per day to alleviate side effects. 

A small but clinically important amount of creatinine is excreted in the urine daily, and the creatinine clearance rate is often used as an indicator of kidney function. 

Generally, about 1.6% of the body s content of creatine spontaneously breaks down daily to form creatinine. This creatinine enters the bloodstream and is excreted by... 

Although creatinine concentration should be stable from day to day, it is a function of the amount of creatinine entering the blood from muscle, its volume of distribution, and its rate of excretion. Because the first two are usually constant, changes in the serum creatinine level would usually be a result of a change in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Abrupt cessation of glomerular filtration causes the semm creatinine to rise by 1-3 mg/dL daily. The blood urea nitrogen also rises with renal dysfunction, but is influenced by extrarenal factors as well. 

Serum creatinine concentration as well as creatinine clearance should be evaluated prior to and during treatment 24-hour urine outflow should be collected to determine the extent of proteinuria. Alternatively, the daily urine protein excretion may be estimated by the urinary total proteinxreatinine concentration ratio. After establishing the correlation between the 24-hour urinary protein excretion and the protein creatinine ratio, single random urine specimens may be... 

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