Crash cost

These generalizations can be applied to any job. There are some activities that cannot be speeded up. Others can be done faster, but in most cases this involves spending more money in obtaining special equipment, hiring more labor, paying overtime, working an extra shift, and so on. For all activities there is some minimum finite performance time. No matter what is done, it cannot be completed any faster. This is called the crush time of the activity, and the cost associated with it is the crush cost. The same is true for projects. The crash cost of a project is the price associated with finishing the project in the crash (minimum) time. 

To prove this, the crash time and minimum crash cost will now be determined. A cost-versus-completion-time curve will also be constructed. This curve increases the project manager s decision possibilities from two to many. With it he can determine whether it is most economical to get the job done as fast as possible, to proceed at a normal pace, or to choose some intermediate time. 

Code Activity Normal Time (days) Cost ( ) Crash Time (days) Crash cost ( ) Cost Slope /day... 

Zaloshnja, E., Mdler, T, Romano, E., Spicer, R. (2004). Crash costs by body part injured, fracture involvement, and threat-to-Ufe severity. United States, 2000. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36(4), 415-427. 

Yang, M.-F. 2010. Supply chain integrated inventory model with present value and dependent crashing cost is polynomial. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 51, 802-809. 

Activity Activity Number Expected Time Total Allowable Crash Time Normal Cost ( ) Crashed Cost Per Cost ( ) Day To Crash ( ) ... 

As the leading cause of employee fatalities and a contributor to serious injuries, motor fleet vehicle accidents are costly. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Facts 2000, motor vehicle crashes cost more than 150.5 billion. The average cost of a fleet accident, including direct and indirect costs, is 14,000, as shown... 

In the past when car crashworthiness was designed entirely experimentally, full-sized prototypes were subjected to the crash scenarios required by the relevant authorities. If the performance was unacceptable, the shape deformations of the components making up the prototype were examined. A new prototype was engineered empirically to overcome the identified weaknesses before being built and then destroyed in a subsequent test. These tests would be repeated many times before an appropriate design was found. The cost of the process was enormous. 

If all the activities were crashed, the project cost would be 66,350. However, not all the activities need to be crashed to complete the project in the crash time. 

Traditionally the PERT diagram did not involve costs, but in the early 1960s a plan called PERT/Cost was developed that was similar to the cost-control concepts of CPM. Some authors claimed they were now essentially the same. PERT/Cost involves obtaining one cost for each activity. If the expected time were,the same as the normal time, the procedure for cost control would be the same as for a CPM system. The PERT system can also be easily adapted to the method presented for speeding up projects (crashing). The remarks made previously about scheduling and obtaining time estimates apply equally well to PERT and CPM. 

Cars are now equipped with several airbags to ensure safety when a crash occurs but there are some drawbacks such as the cost, the volume, which dictates the steering wheel design and limits the capacity of other storage boxes, and the weight. 

Hybrid GMT/steel used for instrument panel carrier on vehicles from Ford, Volvo and Mazda, reduces weight, provides easier assembly, lowers cost and improves noise/vibration/harshness (NVH) and crash performance. 

Unless, of course, the costs could be paid by insurance. This might be feasible for some effects, but not for really large scale ones the whole insurance industry would be put out of business. Thus Ford were condemned in the 1960s for calculating that the costs in terms of deaths and injuries caused by a faulty model were less than the costs of rectifying the fault (the fuel tanks exploded in crashes at over 23 miles per hour) (Dowie, 1977). 

Chemists are not alone. The Mars Climate Orbiter crashed into Mars in September 1999 following a confusion in programming of software that modeled forces in English units instead of the metric units that were expected by the thruster controllers and other programs. This incident is related in the delightfully titled NASA document Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Report. (Stephenson 1999) The mishap cost around 125,000,000. 

The 1970s saw the introduction of a very popular series of three television motion pictures, followed by a television series on the same theme The Six Million Dollar Man. The motion pictures and series starred Lee Majors as a test pilot whose airplane crashed, resulting in the loss of both legs, an arm, and an eye. Majors s character, Steve Austin, was rebuilt by a skilled physician named Dr. Rudy Wells using advanced biomedical body parts at a cost of 6 million (hence the name). In a follow-up series, Lindsay Wagner played Austin s counterpart, Jaime Sommers, in The Bionic Woman. Sommers was seriously injured in a parachute jump and, like Austin, is provided with a number of engineered body parts that give her extraordinary physical powers. 

As a coating offers increased anti-icing effectiveness and durability than fluorocarbon and silicone elastomers. These icephobic coats can reduce the accumulation of ice on products such as rooftops, aircraft, radomes, antennas, ships, and power-transmission lines. The weight of such accumulations of ice has led to aircraft crashes, fallen power lines, etc. The icephobic coats reduce the adhesive force between ice and a surface. Polyphosphazene elastomers possess these desired properties, in addition have low glass transition temperature (Tg), good environmental stability, curability, and moderate cost. 

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