Cradle to site

Cradle to site In addition to cradle to gate, this includes the transportation of material to the site. This must include the cumulative emissions from all transportation types (eg, road, rail, ship). 

Cradle to end of construction In addition to cradle to site, this includes all of the... 

In stage 4, the analysis progresses to consider the cradle-to-site LCA boundary and therefore includes emissions associated with transporting material to the site. The quantities of material, haulage methods, fuel use and emission factors to convert fuel use into CO2 emissions are required. When a comparison of two or more solutions is carried out, the analyst may opt to omit activities common to all solutions. 

Three construction case studies are detailed next, with EC values calculated for geotextile-based and alternative solutions. Calculation examples 1 and 2 compare EC for geosynthetic and alternative construction solutions for protection and working platform applications, respectively, using a 1 m plan area unit of materials for cradle-to-site LCA boundary conditions. The influence of haulage distance for mineral components on total EC values is also considered in calculation example 1. Example 3 compares EC for geosynthetic- and soil-based landfill-capping solutions. 

LCA boundary cradle to site Geosynthetic solution nonwoven geotextile... 

Figure 26.3 Example 1 Transport distance versus EC for cradle-to-site construction solutions.

Total aggregate embodied carbon (cradle to site) 12.00 8.34... 

Density of selected noncohesive soils Additional data for cradle to site 2000 kg/w ... 

Cradle to end of construction In addition to cradle to site, this includes all of the emissions associated with the constmction process. For geotextiles, this may inelude items such as preparation of the subgrade by rollers, excavators used to lift rolls of material, excavation and filling. Items such as the provision of cabins and welfare facilities should also be considered because these have associated EC for the eonstruction phase. 

The first group of fuels, natural gas, LPG, naphtha and fuel oil, are those which are typically used in furnace operations in the petrochemical industry. This illustrates that moving from fuel oil to natural gas can achieve significant reductions in the carbon emission of a site. However, it must be remembered that on a global (cradle to grave) basis this may overestimate the benefit as these figures ignore the carbon emission in production of the fuel. This can be quite substantial for natural gas when the raw gas in the field is contaminated with carbon dioxide many fields contain 30% (mass basis) or more carbon dioxide which is stripped from the raw gas in gas plant operations in order to produce gas of a quality that can be piped (typically <2% vol.) carbon dioxide. 

The study considered all relevant unit processes, inputs and outputs from cradle to grave, as illustrated in Rgure 10.6. Inputs and outputs related to the retail location were excluded due to a lack of available data. Two scenarios were used (North American and European) to account for regional differences once the products leave the manufacturing site. 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 to protect the environment from pollution. Initially, the EPA focused on recycling and cleaning up open dump sites, but today the government has passed over 12 environmental laws that impact air, water, and land. These laws hold the manufacturers responsible for the hazardous wastes they generate from cradle to grave. 

Hazardous-waste disposal is the cradle-to-grave management of materials that threaten human health and the environment. Hazardous wastes are ubiquitous and their proper disposal is a global issue. In fact, industrialized nations are stiU involved in cleanup of hazardous wastes that contaminated land and waters before disposal laws were adopted and enforced. One method of recycling hazardous waste sites is to clean up the wastes and designate the land as a brownfield site that can be reused by commercial and industrial enterprises. 

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