Coxsackie/adenovirus receptor

Dorner, A., Xiong, D., Couch, K., Yajima, T., and Knowlton, K.U. (2004). Alternatively spliced soluble coxsackie-adenovirus receptors inhibit coxsackievirus infection. J Biol Chem 279, 18497-18503. 

More recently the crystal structures of the adenovirus fiber shaft and receptor-binding fiber head (van Raaij et al, 1999) and of the head in complex with the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor molecule (GAR) (Bewley et al, 1999) have been solved. The fiber shaft structure revealed a novel (3-sheet triple spiral fold, which is perhaps particularly suited to forming rigid protein projections for interaction with and penetration through cell membranes by adenovirus the structure of the complex that performs the same function in bacteriophage T4 has been solved, revealing a similar fold (Kanamaru et al, 2002). 

Kim J, Smith T, Idamakanti N, Mulgrew K, Kaloss M, Kylefjord H, Ryan PC, Kaleko M, Stevenson SC. Targeting adenoviral vectors by using the extracellular domain of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor improved potency via trimerization. J Virol 2002, 76, 1892-1903. 

Walters RW, van t Hof W, Yi SM, Schroth MK, Zabner J, Crystal RG, Welsh MJ. Apical localization of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositDl modification is sufScient for adenovirus-mediated gene transfer through the apical surface of human airway epithelia. J Virol 2001 75 7703-7711. 

Adenovirus (Ad5-based vectors) DNA 7.5 kb >35kb = gutted RPE, Muller, corneal endothelial, trabecular meshwork, iris -(peak = 3-4 days) ++ Cellular Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (7) otv integrin (7)... 

Adenoviruses are trophic for respiratory epithelium and are able to transduce virtually all types of epithelial cells fiom trachea to alveoli. The receptors for adenoviral vectors, the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and the inte-... 

Adenovirus vectors are known to be taken into cells by endocytosis and to be released from endosomes by a well regulated process, assumed to be highly efficient [84]. It is therefore somewhat surprising that PCI is able to increase the number of adenoviral transduced cells by up to 30-fold. Nevertheless, PCI with adenoviral vectors has been tested in several different cell lines, and in all cases improved transduction has been observed [85]. The adenovirus activated by means of PCI seems to follow the same cellular pathways as for conventional adenovims infection, i.e., the fraction of transduced cells followed a linear relationship with the Coxsackie and Adenoviral Receptor (CAR) level of the cells and is integrin dependent. Furthermore, PCI increase the number of nuclearly located viral DNA molecules as measured by real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [86]. The results so far indicate that the main cause of the PCI effect on transduction with adenovirus is related to enhanced release of the viral particles from the endocytic vesicles into the cytosol. In accordance with what has been found for PCI of plasmids the adenovirus may be delivered after the photochemical treatment (unpublished results). However, adenovirus may be delivered up to 12 h after the photochemical treatment, which is longer than what is effective for PCI of plasmids [43, 87]. 

Bergelson JM, Cunningham JA, Droguett G, Kurt-Jones EA, Krithivas A, et al. 1997. Isolation of a common receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5. Science 275 1320-23... 

From a terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme, an acidic polysaccharide, nostoflan, was isolated. Nostoflan showed a very strong antiviral effect against HSV-1, HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus and influenza A virus, but no activity was noticed against adenovirus and coxsackie virus. These results suggested that nostoflan exerted the antiviral activity against enveloped viruses whose cellular receptors are carbohydrates [87]. 

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