Cough suppressants narcotic

Alkaloids such as boldine, codeine, narceine and morphine are active factors in their receptors. Boldine has morphine-like properties and is active on opioid receptors. It may be used to treat stomach disorders and as metabolic stimulant. As it is similar to morphine, boldine can also be considered in the possible development of treatments for narcotic dependence. Codeine also binds to opiate receptors, and specifically functions to reduce bronchial secretions. Codeine can also be used as a cough suppressant when acting on the centre of the medulla oblongata and as a sedative agent. 

Noscapaine has only minimal therapeutic and narcotic properties. It can be used as a cough suppressant, but has no apparent advantage over other agents. 

Antitussives Codeine, 10-20 mg every 4-6 hours, not to exceed 120 mg in 24 hours (with guaifenesin) Guiatuss AC, Mytussin AC, various generic Acts centrally to increase the cough threshold. In doses required for cough suppression, the addiction liability associated with codeine is low. Many codeine-containing antitussive combinations are schedule V narcotics, and OTC sale is restricted in some states. 

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) [OTC] [Antihistamine/ Antitussive/Antiemeticj Uses Tx prevent allergic Rxns, motion sickness, potentiate narcotics, sedation, cough suppression, Tx of extrapyramidal (dystonic) Rxns Action Antihistamine, antiemetic Dose Adults. 25-50 mg IV/EM Feds. > 2 y. 2—5 mg/kg IV/EM Caution [B, —] Contra Acute asthma Disp Tabs,... 

The biological consequences of molecular shape can be dramatic. Look at the structures of dextromethorphan and levomethorphan, for instance. (The Latin prefixes dextro- and levo- mean "right" and "left," respectively.) Dextromethorphan is a common cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter cold medicines, but its mirror-image, levomethorphan, is a powerful narcotic pain-reliever similar in its effects to morphine. The two substances are chemically identical except for their shapes, yet their biological properties are completely different. 

Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic narcotic analgesic and a cough suppressant, similar to codeine. It is metabolized to the O- and IV-demethylated products, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone (1). 

Narcotic analgesics (narcotic agonists) such as opioids act on the central nervous system to treat moderate and severe pain, suppress respiration and coughing by acting on the respiratory and cough centers in the medulla of the brain stem. All narcotic analgesics relieve pain. All except meperidine (Demerol) are also antitussive (cough suppression) and antidiarrheal. 

In the mid-1980s researchers in the pharmaceutical industry demonstrated that single enantiomers of pharmaceutical compounds often functioned better as therapeutic agents than racemic mixtures. There are many examples for which one particular chiral form (enantiomer) of a compound demonstrated therapeutic efficacy, while the other chiral form was ineffective or produced deleterious effects. (For example, dextro-methorpan is commonly used as a cough suppressant, while its enantiomer, levomethorphan, is a powerful narcotic.) By 2002 annual sales of the top 10 singleenantiomer drugs totaled 34.2 billion. ... 

The invention of the hypodermic needle and syringe in the middle of the 19th century resulted in the widespread use of morphine, and addiction became a common problem. An early - and false - hope to circumvent the addiction liability of morphine was provided by a most unlikely candidate heroin. This compound, the diacetyl derivative of morphine 5, is a potent opiate narcotic first synthesized in 1874 via acetylation of morphine, and was introduced into medical practice in 1898 as a cough suppressant [10]. Heroin is a semisynthetic drug, i.e., a chemically modified derivative of a natural product, and retains the stereochemistry of mor-... 

Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from the sap of the opium poppy. Morphine is a strong analgesic, a drug that acts as a pain killer. However, it is a powerful and addictive narcotic. Codeine, also produced by the opium poppy, is a less powerful analgesic than morphine, but it is one of the most effective cough suppressants known. Heroin is produced in the laboratory by adding... 

Opioids are a category of narcotic analgesics. All relieve pain and all, except meperidine (Demerol), have an antitussive (cough suppression) and antidiar-rheal effect. 

Cough suppressants containing dextromethorphan or codeine should be employed initially for symptomatic therapy of respiratory symptoms. Prolonged coughing unrelieved by codeine might benefit from a semisynthetic, centrally acting narcotic... 

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), one of the oldest cultivated plants has been used in medicine since the beginning of civilization [221 ]. To date, it is the only commercial source of the narcotic drag morphine, the cough suppressant codeine and the antitumor agent noscapine. In addition to the substances mentioned above, poppy plants contain about eighty different... 

Coughing is a useful physiologic device utilized to clear the respiratory tract of foreign substances and excessive secretions. Coughing, however, does not always serve a useful purpose but can rob the patient of sleep. A number of agents are available to suppress this. Many of these are narcotic and have an undesirable abuse potential. One of the agents available which is claimed to be nonnarcotic is amicibone (45). The synthesis involves base-catalyzed alkylation of benzyl cyclohexan-ecarboxylate (44) with p-hexamethyleneiminoethyl chloride a reaction which may go through an aziridinium intermediate. 

Cough reflex Exercise caution when using narcotic analgesics postoperatively and in patients with pulmonary disease because cough reflex is suppressed. Intraoperative awareness Intraoperative awareness has been reported in patients younger than 55 years of age when remifentanil has been administered with propofol infusion rates of 75 mcg/kg/min or less. 

Hydromorphone affects the respiratory center in the brain, and this is why it suppresses the cough reflex. Hydromorphone is partially broken down, or metabolized, by the liver and is absorbed by a variety of tissues and organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, pancreas, lungs, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. Once metabolized by the liver, hydromorphone moves out of the body by way of the kidneys and into the urine. The precise mechanisms by which hydromorphone and the other narcotic analgesics work are not entirely known. 

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