Semisynthetic drugs

EXAMPLES OF SEMISYNTHETIC DRUGS BASED ON LEAD COMPOUNDS FROM PLANTS... 

Streptomyces tenebrarius). Gentamicin is isolated from Micromonospora purpurea, and it consists of a mixture of approximately equal amounts of three compounds gentamicines C[, C[j, and Cj. Amikacin and netilmicin are semisynthetic drugs. Amikacin is a chemical modification of kanamycin. Netilmicin is a semisynthetic derivative of schizomycin, which is isolated from Micromonospora inyoensis. 

The guidance document addresses postapproval changes with respect to semisynthetic drug substances and impurities associated with APIs. The guidance document covers changes associated with the following ... 

Semisynthetic drugs Drugs created by chemists from materials found in nature. 

Self-exploration through drugs, 16 Semisynthetic drugs, 33-34 Sensory isolation tanks, 139 Sernyl, Sernylan, 137-38 Serotonin, 30 Set... 

Aminoglycosides. The names of those that are derived from streptomyces end in mycin, e.g. tobramycin. Others include gentamicin (from Micro-monospora purpurea which is not a fungus, hence the spelling as micin ) and semisynthetic drugs, e.g. amikacin. 

This semisynthetic drug was first made from morphine at St Mary s Hospital, London in 1874. It was introduced in 1898 as a remedy for cough and for morphine addiction later it was appreciated that it cured morphine addiction by substituting itself as the addicting agent. 

The invention of the hypodermic needle and syringe in the middle of the 19th century resulted in the widespread use of morphine, and addiction became a common problem. An early - and false - hope to circumvent the addiction liability of morphine was provided by a most unlikely candidate heroin. This compound, the diacetyl derivative of morphine 5, is a potent opiate narcotic first synthesized in 1874 via acetylation of morphine, and was introduced into medical practice in 1898 as a cough suppressant [10]. Heroin is a semisynthetic drug, i.e., a chemically modified derivative of a natural product, and retains the stereochemistry of mor-... 

In general Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) requirements for standard synthetic/semisynthetic drugs are ... 

Structural modification of the tetracyclines obtained by fermentation has resulted in very few additional clinically useful semisynthetic drugs. However, those developed (DC, MC, MNC) have some advantageous features over the original compounds. Also, from data of both in vitro and in vivo studies on many bacteria using a large number of tetracyclines obtained by fermentation and synthetic alterations, it became apparent what the structural requirements for good activity are. Table 6-10 summarizes the salient features that... 

In terms of fourth-generation macrolides, the substitution of L-cladinose at C3 in erythromycin A with a keto produces ketolides, such as telithromycin (formerly HMR3647) and ABT-773, and also causes an increase in acid stability and a new characteristic different from erythromycin. For example, the semisynthetic drugs do not induce MLS resistance, unlike 14-membered-ring macrolides produced naturally by antibiotic producers [204], but they do not inhibit staphylococcal strains carrying erythromycin-induced or constitutive MLS resistance specified by the erm gene. 

Opioid The class of drugs that includes opiates, opiopeptins, and all synthetic and semisynthetic drugs that mimic the actions of the opiates... 

Figure 4 8 Structure of taxol 107 and the related semisynthetic drug taxotere, and their respective precursors haccatin III and 10-deacetylhaccatin HI.

Semisynthetic drug An antimicrobial agent made partly by laboratory synthesis and partly by micro-organisms. 

LSD is used as a drug of abuse and has potential medical applications. There are therefore forensic requirements to measure LSD and its isomer iso-LSD in body fluids including urine. LSD is considered a semisynthetic drug, being made from some naturally occurring ergot alkaloids by hydrolysis to lysergic acid, which is then reacted with diethylamine to produce LSD. 

Appendix Tropisetron. This semisynthetic drug, 3a-hydroxytropane acylated by 3-carboxyindol (Fig. 3.25), turned out to be a potent 5-HTj antagonist It is used as a remedy against anesis and queasiness induced by cytostatic agents and/or radiation during the therapy of tumor diseases. 

Semisynthetic drugs LSD in biological fluids Christie et al., 1976 Harzer, 1982 Webb et al., 1996... 

Synthetic and semisynthetic drugs such as amphetamine and methamphet-amine can be profiled, although isotopic abundances are not useful in the same way as described in this chapter. With synthetic and semisynthetic drugs, profiling is used to identify the synthetic method and reagents used and to link samples to batches and groups. 

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