Cortinarius

Dioxo-5a-pregnan Cortinarius evernius C-351 Streplomyces griseus4 Mycobacterium smegmatis 30% Penicillium urticae6 9%... 

The Hg concentration variations within fungal tissues (Fig. 1) also follow a rather complex pattern (Table 3). For example, Cortinarius, Bankera, Cantharelius and Lactarius accumulate more Hg than what can be accounted for by variables such as (1) the systematic stalk versus cap differences, (2) the reductions of the Hg concentrations from the emerging to the over-mature mushroom stage, (3) the C, Hg and S contents in the L, F, H, A layers, (4) the reduction of Hg uptake from soils with high S levels, (5) the increased Hg uptake from soils with high Hg concentrations,tempered by increased C concentrations. 

A method for estimating the prognosis in individual cases was recently proposed by Holmendahl the Cortinarius Nephro Toxicity (CNT) Prognosis Index. This test is based on the serum creatinine level before treatment (y) and the number of days elapsed (X) ... 

Bouget, J., Bousser, J., Pats, B., Ramee, M.P., Chevet, D., Rifle, G., Giudicelli, C.P. and Thomas, R. (1990). Acute renal failure following collective intoxication by Cortinarius orellanus. Intensive Care Med., 16, 506-510. 

Danel, V.C., Saviuc, P.F. and Garon, D. (2001). Main features of Cortinarius ssp. poisoning a literature review, Toxicon, 39, 1053-1060. 

Grzymala, S. (1965). Etude clinique des intoxications par les champignons du genre Cortinarius orellanus Fr. Bull. Med. Leg., Toxicol. Med., 8, 60-70. 

Horn S., Horina, J.H., Krejs G.J., Holzer, H. and Ratschek, M. (1997). Endstage renal failure from mushroom poisoning with Cortinarius orellanus report of four cases and review of literature. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 30, 282-286. 

N-Oxygenated C=N functionalities also occur in plants. Thus, harman N-oxide (har-manine, 9) is the main alkaloid in all parts of Calligonium minimum14. The trunk bark of Aspidosperma nigricans contains the unstable olivacine N-oxide (10)74. Orellanine (11) has been isolated from the toadstool Cortinarius orellanus15. The substance is heat-stable and exerts considerable nephrotoxicity. 

Proteobacteria, Myxobacteria Chondromyces crocatus (chondramides A—D) [90]. F Basidiomycota Cortinarius violaceusa [5]. P Acanthaceae Aphelandra spp. (aphel-andrine, orantine [102]) Veronicaceae Chaenorhinum sp. [(S)-/ -Tyr chaenorhine, chaenorpine] [103]. 

Steglich [111] recently isolated significant amounts of free. (R)-//-Dopa 10 from Cortinarius violaceus, a mushroom globally found in the temperate climate zones. Analogous to classical iron ink, the blue violet color of this fungus is created by iron(m) complexes of (R)-0-Dopa 62 and 63, that seem to form a pH-dependent equilibrium. The biosynthesis of (R)-//-Dopa 9 will be discussed in chapter 1.6.3... 

Biosynthesis of (R)-/J-Tyrosine and (R)-/f-Dopa in Cortinarius violaceus Fruit bodies of the higher fungus Cortinarius violaceus produce (R)-/ -dopa 44 [63], The biosyn-... 

Interestingly, all known cobalamin-dependent aminomutases seem to catalyze a shift of the co amino group whereas the SAM dependent lysine 2,3-aminomutase catalyzes the shift of the a amino group. The latter is true for phenylalanine 2,3-aminomutase in Taxus brevifolia and tyrosine 2,3-aminomutase in Cortinarius vio-... 

In a long-standing collaboration, Blunt and Munro utilized 3 mm probe capabilities in characterizing the structure of a novel, unsymmetrical disulfide metabolite, cortamidine oxide (66) from the New Zealand bascidiomycete (mushroom) Cortinarius sp.141 Two other symmetrical dimeric disulfides, 67 and 68, isolated and characterized by the authors in the same study were suspected to be oxidative degradants of 66. 

A second prerequisite for a role of EMF in aluminium transport from the E to the O horizon is that hyphae growing in the E horizon are attached to EM root tips in the O horizon. Work on the vertical distribution of hyphae and EM root tips in a Swedish podzol profile showed that several EM species live in both the O horizon and the E horizon (Landeweert et al., 2003, Rosling et al., 2003). For Dermocybe, Russula, Piloderma and Cortinarius, the clones found in the extracted DNA from the E horizon match with DNA from EM root tips in the O horizon of the same soil profile. That suggests that at least some EM root tips from the O horizon could have extramatrical hyphae growing into the mineral soil. 

Amanita phalloides and amatoxin-containing mushrooms Cortinarius orellanus, C. speciosissimus, C. rainierensis Amanita proxima, A. smithiana andTricholoma equestre Conclusion... 

Cortinarius species usually grow in semimountain-ous and deciduous forests at the end of the summer or in autumn, and may be easily mistaken for the Psylocybe genus, the so-called "magic mushrooms" appreciated by drug-abuser people for its hallucinogenic properties. The toxicity of Cortinarius is related to the orellanine toxin, a hydroxypyridine with structural analogy to paraquat, which blocks protein synthesis and induces oxidative stress [88,89]. Numerous cases of orellanine-induced nephrotoxicity have been reported in Europe (C, orellanus and C, speciosissimus) [90-92], North America and Canada [88] and suspected in 3 patients in Australia [93]. 

Danel VC, Saviuc PF, Garon D. Main features of Cortinarius spp. poisoning a literature review.Toxicon 2001 39 1053-1060 Prast H, Werner ER, Pfaller W, Moser M. Toxic properties of the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. I. Chemical characterization of the main toxin of Cortinarius orellanus (Fries) and Cortinarius speciosissimus (Kuhn Romagn) and acute toxicity in mice. Arch Toxicol 1988 62 81-88... 

Short Al, Watling R, MacDonald MK, Robson JS. Poisoning by Cortinarius speciosissimus. Lancet 1980 2 942-944... 

Montoli A, Confalonieri R, Colombo V. Lack of efficacy of early plasma exchange in renal toxicity from Cortinarius orellanus. Nephron 1999 81 248... 

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