Toxicity nephro

A method for estimating the prognosis in individual cases was recently proposed by Holmendahl the Cortinarius Nephro Toxicity (CNT) Prognosis Index. This test is based on the serum creatinine level before treatment (y) and the number of days elapsed (X) ... 

Kidney. Because the kidney is the main excretory organ of the body, it is a common target organ for metal toxicity. Cadmium and mercury, in particular, are potent nephro-toxicants and are discussed more fully in the following sections and in Chapter 15. 

Kidneys have relatively low xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities, and chemically induced nephrotoxicity has been assumed to be produced by toxic intermediates generated in the liver and transported to the kidney. If a single hepatic metabolite of chloroform produced both kidney and liver injury, species, strain, and sex differences in susceptibility to chloroform nephro- and hepatotoxicity should be similar. However, species, strain and sex differences in susceptibility to chloroform nephrotoxicity are not consistent with those of chloroform hepatotoxicity. In addition, several modulators of tissue xenobiotic-metabolizing activities alter... 

At present, derivatives of platinum eompounds have found wide use in chemotherapy of malignant tumors. It should be noted that, along with their high antitumor effect, these eompounds exhibit a high toxicity. Supposedly, their eytotoxic effect and other side-effects (nephro- and ototoxicity, nausea, etc.) are associated with intensification of free-radical... 

Hg° (used in industrial Toxic vapor (neuro- Abiotic oxidation Hg2+ and methyl Toxic compounds, nephro-... 

There are some serious drawbacks to the use of cis-platin in anticancer therapy. Severe toxicity problems occur, such as failure of the kidneys and bone marrow (nephrotoxicity and hematoxicity), nausea, intractable vomiting (emesis), peripheral neuropathy, deafness (ototoxicity), and seizures. These toxic side effects of cisplatin limit the dose that can be administered to patients typical doses are 100 mg day for up to five consecutive days. The nephrotoxicity can be reduced by hydration and diuresis. 5-HT3-receptor blockers control nausea and emesis. Much effort has been devoted to the development of chemopro-tective agents, which alleviate the side effects on normal tissues without compromising antitumor activity - mainly sulfur-containing agents such as sodium dithiocarbamate (Naddtc), 2-mercaptoethanesulphonate (mesna), and amifos-tine (WR-2721). Amifostine has recently been approved for coadministration with cisplatin, which reduces nephro- and neurotoxicity. ... 

After intravenous or oral administration of the drug, it undergoes several biotransformations that activate its toxicity (tumor cells as well as nephro- and neurotoxicity). A number of speciation studies that focused on characterization and quantification of parent drug and its possible metabohtes in vitro and in vivo have been reported. Element-specific ICP-MS detection has been applied after LC separation of platinum compounds. In Figure 6, the LC-ICP-MS chromatogram is presented, and this was obtained for the mixture of cancerostatic platinum compounds. ... 

Autret L, Meynard JA, Sanchez MF, Bernadet R, Charpin C. Entre efficacite et toxicite histoire d un patient gueri par le lithium chez qui Ton decouvre une nephro-pathie iatrogene. [Between efficiency and toxicity the case of a patient improved by lithium who developed iatrogenic nephropathy.] Encephale 1999 25(5) 485-7. 

Pittman SW, Frei E. Weekly methotrexate-calcium leucovorin rescue effect of alkalinization on nephro-toxicity pharmacokinetics in the CNS, and use in CNS non Hodgkin s lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1977 61 695-701. 

JM216 has now undergone phase I clinical evaluation according to both single dose and daily x 5 schedules. In agreement with the rodent data, myelosuppression has been the dose limiting toxicity, with no observations of nephro- or neurotoxicity. Worldwide phase II/III clinical trials are now ongoing. 

Many substances are known to exhibit nephrotoxicity affecting specific parts of the kidney. The mode of action of nephro-toxicants includes inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, interaction with receptors. 

The P. B are cyclopeptides containing L-2,4-diamino-butanoic acid residues (Dab) and a o-amino acid col-istins A and B, which are also known as P. E, and E2, have the same basic structure. P. exert bactericidal effects on growing and resting cells by impairing the permeability of the bacterial membrane. On account of toxic side affects (nephro- and neurotoxicity) the therapeutic use of P. is limited it is mostly administered locally or orally but rarely parenterally Lit. Experientia 22,354 (1966). J. Antibiot. 30,767 (1977). Antibiotiki 16, 250 (1971). j. Antibiot. 30,427, 1029,1039 (1977). Hager (5.) 1,749f. 7,1091 9,286 ff. Kleemann-En-gel, p. 1556. 

Fig. 5.32). The pharmacokinetics of meropenem closely resemble that of the imipenem/cUastatin combination, and its nephro-and neuro-toxicity is correspondingly low. 

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