Noise correlated

The measurement being differential, the noise which in uncorrelated between both arms is much more dangerous than correlated noise. 

Also, the concentration of the analyzed species must remain the same during the time of the analysis or, again, we will produce correlation noise. 

Burke and his students (11) have published a proposal for solving the non-linearity problem associated with CC and the consequent correlation noise. They used a constant frequency multiple injection signal while this occurred, this frequency was modulated. Before each injection, a random number was generated to determine the magnitude and sign of the deviation from the carrier frequency for the next injection time. Thus, the next... 

Its special properties offer the possibility of reducing the so-called correlation noise, caused by a limited correlation time. CC is essentially statistical by nature. The system noise (detector noise) is not correlated with the input PRBS the noise in the correlogram, resulting from the detector noise, is converging to zero with increasing correlation time. 

We have developed a simple and physically clear picture of ARP in molecules in solution by careful examination of all the conditions needed for ARP. The relaxation effects were considered in the framework of the LZ model for random crossing of levels. The model enables us to include into consideration non-Markovian Gaussian-correlated noise. It explains all the numerical results obtained in Ref. [4]. 

The expression (24) and the symmetry of the problem suggests a way to find the contribution of all, not only slow, modes in the environment to the Lamb shift (and later to the Berry phase). Indeed, we discuss weak short-correlated noise, i.e. such that its contribution to the dynamics on time scales or order tc is small. Contributions from different time intervals rc are uncorrelated and add up independently. Hence in the evaluation of the (real and imaginary) contribution of such a short interval to the evolution frequencies (the Lamb... 

Correlated noise data can be transformed to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (EFT) or the maximum entropy method (MEM) (151) A spectral noise impedance, Rsn(f), can then be calculated (152) ... 

If it is desired to evaluate advanced control schemes, the models used in this work should be regarded as generating an upper bound on practically achievable performance further work is required to generate models suitable for this purpose. At a minimum, the performance of advanced control algorithms should be checked in the presence of correlated noise and actuator deadband error, and an improved model of the probe respon.se is likely to be needed. 

Here r] x, t) is a spatio-temporally correlated noise process with zero mean, characterized by noise intensity cj, correlation time r and correlation length A. For more detail on the numerical details see [5]. 

So far we have only considered single-chain models, that is, modeled the effects of all other chains by friction and random delta-correlated noise. This is obviously a very simplistic assumption, and it is interesting to model interchain interactions explicitly and compare the results with the single-chain models. The first model we will investigate is a multichain model where all monomers interact with each other via the nonbonded potential (eqn [47]). The bonded potential is the same as in the excluded volume model (eqn [48]). This model was proposed by Kremer and Grest (KG) a a simple and efficient model to investigate effects of entanglements. We will call it the KG MD model. 

The reason for the apparent violation of the Second Law was indeed concealed in the unrealistic assumption concerning the nature of the random noise around the energy-transducing complex at any moment in time the real equilibrium noise around the enzyme complex, being affected by the enzyme state, cannot be completely random. That is why internal noise cannot perform useful work if a system is kept under equilibrium conditions. An equilibrium noise in the immediate environment around an enzyme complex is correlated to the state of the enzyme. Taking into account the correlation between the enzyme state and the external ( autonomous ) source of the noise produced by the surrounding, the authors [79] were able to solve the puzzle. Stochastic simulation for the system undergoing the action of the equilibrium (correlated) noise has led to the proper result, that equilibrium noise cannot produce useful work. Let us consider this model in more detail. 

This crude model does not take into account the possibility of correlated noise events. Even if d < fo transitions are still possible if a series of noise events act before relaxation to the stable attractors is complete. This effect is clearly manifest in ifneq if only direct transitions are taken into account ifneq is predicted to be zero if d < To, but simulations show Kneni f n = 5.0) = 0.09 0.01 for d = 0.4. The simple model must be refined to describe such correlated effects. 

Although Gaussian d-correlated noise is a reasonable standard assumption for many systems with fluctuations, it may be that sociology provides examples where the macrovariables are influenced by fluctuating forces of non-Gaus-sian nature and more complicated time correlation. In these cases the Langevin... 

---