Core extraction

Mortar specimens were prepared to determine the effectiveness of MRI in a time resolved lithium penetration experiment [15]. This work used a non-reactive aggregate and commercially available LiN03 solution to simulate topical treatments to concrete. These results will aid the development of a more general measurement of concrete core extracted from a lithium treated structure suffering from ASR. 

The climate has the ability to shift into radically different states according to ice cores extracted from Greenland s massive ice sheet in the early 1990s. These rods of ice are up to three kilometers long and provide a set of climate records for the past 110,000 years. They allow the investigation of annual layers in the ice cores which are dated using a variety of methods. The composition of the ice provides the temperature at which it formed. 

Compressive strength Tests conducted on cores extracted from test panels shot during routine quality control show that silica fume shotcrete produce consistently higher compressive strengths and lower permeability in the hardened shotcrete than shotcrete where accelerators were used. 

Build a core extraction system choose components such as extractant, diluent, modifier, scrubbing/stripping agents, aqueous-phase conditions, etc. 

Chromophores free in solution and bound to macromolecules do not display identical s values and absorption peaks. For example, free hemin absorbs at 390 nm. However, in the cytochrome b2 core extracted from the yeast Hansenula anomala, the absorption maximum of heme is located at 412 nm with a molar extinction coefficient equal to 120 mM-1 cm-1 (Albani 1985). In the same way, protoporphyrin IX dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH absorbs at 510 nm, whereas when it is bound to apohemoglobin, it absorbs in the Soret band at around 400 nm. 

Figure 13 An evolutionary model of time versus the ei82- v composition of the silicate Earth for the first 50 of Earth s history. The higher composition of the Earth relative to chondrites can only be balanced by a complementary lower than chondrites reservoir in the core. Extraction age models for the core are a function of the decay constant, the difference between the silicate Earth and chondrites, the proportion of W and Hf in the mantle and core and the rate of mass extraction to the core. Details of these models are given in the above citations, with the upper limit of the age curves shown here (sources Yin et al, 2002 Kleine et al, 2002 ...

Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic columns for test cores extracted from H-15D (left) and LP-l (right) wells. Vertical scale is in meters below land surface.

Figure 4.10 (A) Cores extracted from the bed of the Boteti River at Samedupe Drift, Botswana, showing a range of geochemical sediments developed beneath the channel floor, including massive and pisolithic drainage-line silcretes (after Shaw and Nash, 1998). (B) Section of silcretes in the Mirackina palaeochannel, South Australia (after Ollier and Pain, 1996), showing the planform distribution of silcrete outcrops along the palaeochannel course and the relationship of silcrete to underlying non-silicified units. (C) Schematic representation of geochemical sedimentation patterns in the vicinity of a pan or playa (after Summerfield, 1982).

This slice in velocity space can also be resolved by core-extraction methods. Changing the polarization of the probe laser will core out a different part of the two-dimensional slice. These core-extraction experiments were recently done by Lai et al. [100] on acetylene photolysis at... 

One interesting result on CH3I and CD3I photodissociation at 266 nm employed the core-extraction method [85, 87], It was found that the I/I ratio increases with increasing amounts of v2 vibration, as shown in Figure 11. It was also found that there was a strong preference for the rotation of... 

Figure 11. Core-extraction TOF spectra of CH3 from the 266-nm photodissociation of CHjI. The three spectra were collected by probing transitions of the CH3 product with different amounts (from top to bottom v = 0, v = 1, and v = 2) of vibrational energy in the v2 umbrella mode. In the middle panel, the peaks corresponding to the formation of I(2/,1/2) and I (2/>3/2) are labeled, along with a peak resulting from background (B). [Reprinted with permission from R. Ogorzalek Loo, H.-P. Haerri, G. E. Hall, and P. L. Houston J. Chem. Phys., 90(8), 4222 (1989). Copyright 1989 American Institute of Physics.]...

Hwang and El-Sayed [156] performed analogous experiments on the photodissociation of C2F5I at 304.7 nm using the core-extraction method. 

The element profiles of a sediment core from the Cape Basin (Wien et al. 2005a), which is shown in Figure 3.29, were obtained with a trans-portable XRF on board of a research vessel, the results were obtained within a period of 24 honrs after core extraction with the gravity corer. 

GC/MS of aromatic fractions from core extracts of specific zones within the Kuparuk River Formation were analysed to determine the degree of depletion of long-chain alkyl aromatics. The core samples analysed were chosen based on available cores for their relationship to production issues (tar, oil quality and production rates). 

A review of WGC data for 38 oil samples (from this study and an archive of older data) was done to search for indications of biodegradation. Generally, analyses of whole oils and saturate hydrocarbon GCs in samples from heavily tar-stained core extracts as well as the better producing zones showed none of the usual signs of microbial biodegradation i.e. no obvious depletions in n-alkanes relative to branched and cyclic hydrocarbons (Fig. 9). 

Fig. 13. GCMS total ion current (TIC) for aromatic hydrocarbon fractions from lJ-14 well have low amounts of low molecular weight two and three ring aromatics like other Kuparuk sandstone core extracts (a) SWC-43, (b) SWC-31, (c) SWC-18 and (d) MDT oil.

Fig. 14. Plot of LCAA ratios with depth (true vertical sub-sea) for Kuparuk River formation core extracts from selected wells 2E-17 heavily tar stained Kuparuk C4 central graben wells 2X-02 and 2Z-18 with good producing Kuparuk C and poor producing Kuparuk A and 3B-14 good producing well or downdip wells lJ-14 and lR-07 for different LCAA ratios (a) LCAAR-1, (b) LCAAR-2, (c) LCAAR-3 and (d) LCAAR-2. LCAA ratios are defined in the appendix.

Fig. 16. Rock-Eval 6 calibrations (a) calibration curve relating Rock-Eval 6 Y factor to oil API gravity and (b) predicted API for core samples from Rock-Eval 6 Y as a function of extract hydrocarbon/nonhydrocarbon ratio, (c) Plot of predicted API for core samples compared with API gravity measured from core extracts.

Fig. 17. Plot of Rock-Eval 6 with depth (true vertical subsea) for Kuparuk River formation core extracts (a) for 2E-17. 2X-02, 2Z-18 and 3B-14 (see Fig. 14a—c) and (b) with higher density sampling showing gravity segregation-like trends for 2U-16 and 3H-09 wells.

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