Precursors copper sulfide

The same procedure was applied to the synthesis of cadmium selenide and zinc sulfide in LLC surfactant phases using C EO surfactants. A relationship between the covalent nature of bonds in the final product and the success of the templating procedure was established on the basis of silver sulfide, copper sulfide, mercury sulfide and lead sulfide not producing the same results. The interaction of the surfactant headgroups with the precipitated mineral and with its precursor ions are necessary for direct templating. This is also confirmed by the fact that salts that bind precursor ions prevent the formation of an ordered inorganic nanostructure within the LLC phase [51]. 

Figure 1.27 Grazing incidence XRD pattern of sulfurized Cu/Sn/Cu/Zn precursor layer. The asterisks indicate a secondary phase assigned to copper sulfide. Cu/(Zn + Sn) = 0.70 0.07, Zn/Sn = 1.06 0.12. Reproduced from reference [11].

Larsen, T. H., Sigman, M., Ghezelbash, A., Doty, R. C., and Korgel, B. A., Solventless synthesis of copper sulfide nanorods by thermolysis of a single source thiolate-derived precursor, J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 125,5638-5639 (2003). 

The higher levels of control provided by the microreactors over the reaction parameters as compared to the conventional batch method and the production of pure phase copper sulfide nanoparticles in less than 3 seconds makes this method very attractive. The copper(II) complex of 1,1,5,5-tetra-iso-propyl-2-thiobiuret was used as a single source precursor for the synthesis of copper sulfide nanoparticles in a continuous flow process. " The nanoparticles had spherical morphology and were produced either as a pure CU7S4 or CU7S4 with minor impurities of CU9S5. Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the flow reactor used by O Brien et al. ... 

Different phases of copper sulfide including covellite (CuS), digenite (Cui gS) and chalcocite (CU2S) were prepared as nanoscaled hollow spheres by reaction at the liquid-to-liquid phase boundary of a w/o-microemul-sion. The hollow spheres showed an outer diameter of 32-36 nm, a wall thickness of 8-12 nm and an inner cavity of 8-16 nm in diameter. The phase control was shown to be possible by adjusting the experimental conditions such as type and concentration of the copper precursor and concentration of ammonia inside of the micelle. 

CulnS2, CulnSe2. CuInS2 (CIS),films have been grown from mixed copper(II) chloride, indium(III) chloride cation precursor, and sodium sulfide anion precursor solutions.121122 XPS and XRD analyses revealed that, when the copper/indium concentration ratio in the solution was 1.25, a stoichiometric CIS film could be grown. The electrical parameters obtained with different copper/indium concentration ratios have been investigated.121... 

An alternative to the synthesis of epoxides is the reaction of sulfur ylide with aldehydes and ketones.107 This is a carbon-carbon bond formation reaction and may offer a method complementary to the oxidative processes described thus far. The formation of sulfur ylide involves a chiral sulfide and a carbene or carbenoid, and the general reaction procedure for epoxidation of aldehydes may involve the application of a sulfide, an aldehyde, or a carbene precursor as well as a copper salt. This reaction may also be considered as a thiol acetal-mediated carbene addition to carbonyl groups in the aldehyde. 

Interesting cases of deposition concern compounds where the oxidation state of the metal can take different values, such as copper or tin. Several reports concern the formation of CuxS with x between 1 and 2 [18, 47-50]. Varkey et al. [48] show that cuprous sulfide (CU2S) is formed in TU solutions, using a Cu(I) precursor (CuCl). However it can be obtained also when starting from a cupric salt (Cu(II)) due to the reducing properties of thiourea (and other sulfur precursors) as shown by Nair et al. 

Lithium organocupmtes. House et al. have found that certain undesirable side reactions in the preparation of lithium organocuprates can be minimized by use of this complex rather than commercial cuprous bromide itself, which apparently contains some impurities. The complex is readily prepared in 90% yield from (CH3)2 S and CuBr. It is insoluble in ether, hexane, acetone, methanol, and water, but dissolves in several solvents in the presence of excess (CH3)2S. Thus a solution of the complex in ether and (CH3)2S is used the excess sulfide is readily separated from reaction products. The soluble copper reagent t-BuC CCu can also be used instead of CuBr, but the precursor, t-butylacetylene, is expensive. The use of the complex was illustrated for reactions of (CH3)2CuLi and (CH2=CH)2CuLi. 

Figure 5.20 The scheme of a modified chemical method for the deposition of CU2S films onto glass substrates A, cationic precursor (copper(ll) sulfate pentahydrate) B, ion-exchange water C, anionic precursor (sodium sulfide) D, ion-exchange water [202].

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