Copper geochemistry

Palacios, C., Guerra, N., Townley, B., Lahsen, A. Parada, M. 2005. Copper geochemistry in salt from evaporate soils, Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert, northern Chile an exploration tool for blind Cu deposits. Geochemistry Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5, 371-378. 

Grzebisz, W, KociaUcowski, W.Z., Chudzinski, B., 1997. Copper geochemistry and availability in cultivated soUs contaminated by a copper smelter. J. Geochem. Explor. 58, 301-307. 

A study of soil geochemistry and gold grain mineralogy over the Shiko Lake porphyry copper-gold mineral occurrence in central British Columbia has revealed ... 

Gale, N. H., Woodhead, A. P., Stos-Gale, Z. A., Walder, A., and Bowen, I. (1999). Natural variations detected in the isotopic composition of copper possible applications to archaeology and geochemistry. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 184 1-9. 

Mauk, J. L. and Hancock, R. G. Y. (1998). Trace element geochemistry of native copper from the White Pine mine, Michigan (USA) implications for sourcing artefacts. Archaeometry 40 97-107. 

Albarede F (1995) Introduction to Geochemical Modeling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Albarede F (2004) The stable isotope geochemistry of copper and zinc. Rev Mineral Geochem 55 409-427 Albarede F, Beard BL (2004) Analytical methods for non-traditional isotopes. Rev Mineral Geochem 55 113-151... 

Cameron, E.M. Leybourne, M.I. 2005. Relationship between groundwater chemistry and soil geochemical anomalies at the Spence copper porphyry deposit, Chile. Geochemistry Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5, 135-145. 

Geochemistry and tectonics as an exploration tool for Circum-Pacific porphyry copper, gold, and molybdenum deposits evidence from the... 

Studies of the host rocks to giant porphyry copper deposits in Central and Northern Chile have shown that there are recognizable changes in the geochemistry of the volcanic rocks prior to mineralizing events (Skewes Stern 1995 Kay et al. 1999 Hollings et al. 2005). These include abrupt increases in the LaA b ratios of volcanic rocks associated with... 

Maanijou, M. 2007. Geochemistry, origin of ore Huids, and formation of Cheheikureh copper deposit (NW of Zahedan). Ph.D. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran (in farsi with english abstract). 

Exploration geochemistry, geochronology, and tracer isotopic data of copper mineralisation in dolomitic rocks, Dos Parecis Basin, Rondonia,... 

The historic use of trace-element geochemistry around the McArthur River Uranium Deposit has primarily focussed on a limited suite of elements, including uranium, lead, nickel, copper, and boron. At McArthur River, uranium is distributed around the main deposit to significant distances (100 s of meters) in the overlying Athabasca Group (McGill et al. 1993), yet variations in the uranium content of this halo is typically restricted to 1-3 parts per million with little spatial variation, restricting one s ability to vector... 

PowE, E.M. 2008. Petrology, geochemistry and distribution of the copper zones at the Brunswick No. 12 volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. BSc Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 

Meima, J. A., van der Weijden, R. D., Eighmy, T. Comans, R. N. J. 2002. Carbonation processes in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and their effect on the leaching of copper and molybdenum. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 1503-1513. 

Motyka, R.J., Hawkins, D.B., Poreda, R.J. and Jeffries, A. (1986) Geochemistry, Isotopic Composition, and the Origin of Fluids Emanating from Mud Volcanoes in the Copper River Basin, Alaska, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Public-data File 86-34, p. 87. 

Niskavaara, H., Reimann, C. and Chekushin, V. (1996) Distribution and pathways of heavy metals and sulphur in the vicinity of the copper-nickel smelters in Nikel and Zapoljarnij, Kola Peninsula, Russia, as revealed by different sample media. Applied Geochemistry, 11(1-2), 25-34. 

Crystal field theory is one of several chemical bonding models and one that is applicable solely to the transition metal and lanthanide elements. The theory, which utilizes thermodynamic data obtained from absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, has met with widespread applications and successful interpretations of diverse physical and chemical properties of elements of the first transition series. These elements comprise scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. The position of the first transition series in the periodic table is shown in fig. 1.1. Transition elements constitute almost forty weight per cent, or eighteen atom per cent, of the Earth (Appendix 1) and occur in most minerals in the Crust, Mantle and Core. As a result, there are many aspects of transition metal geochemistry that are amenable to interpretation by crystal field theory. 

At the present time the technique of forming the volatile hydrides of certain elements (Ge, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Se and Te), as a method of separation and rapid introduction of these elements into an atomiser (flame or hot tube), has had little impact in applied geochemistry. A few applications have been reported but are not yet widely used despite the very low detection limits which are obtainable. The main problems with the method are an abundance of interference effects, mainly from transition elements, and short linear calibration ranges. However Bedard and Kerbyson [4, 5] have shown that it is possible to separate in advance traces of As, Sb, Bi, Se and Te from pure copper, (the most serious interferer) by co-precipitating the elements on lanthanum hydroxide. It has further been shown that this precipitation method is applicable to the majority of interfering elements, and can be adapted to provide a rapid large batch method suitable for geochemical analysis of soil and sediment [6]. 

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