Copper—chlorine cycle

Naterer, G.F., et al. (2008), Thermochemical Hydrogen Production with a Copper-chlorine Cycle, I Oxygen Release from Copper Oxychloride Decomposition , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 5439-5450. 

Orhan, M., I. Dincer, M.A. Rosen (2008), Energy and Exergy Assessments of the Hydrogen Production Step of a Copper-chlorine Cycle Driven by Nuclear-based Heat , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,... 

While many hydrogen processes have been proposed, the most studied include the copper—chlorine cycle in the process temperature range of 200—600°C (Orhan et al., 2012), the iodine—sulfur (IS) process of 450—850°C (Kasahara et al., 2014), and the hybrid sulfur cycle of 600—850°C (Gorensek and Summers, 2011). 

Orhan, M., Dincer, I., Rosen, M., 2012. Design and simulation of a UOIT copper—chlorine cycle for hydrogen production. International Journal of Energy Research, http //dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/er.2928. 

Rosen, M.A., Naterer, G.F., Chukwu, C.C., Sadhankar, R., Suppiah, S., 2012. Nuclear-based hydrogen production with a thermochemical copper—chlorine cycle and supercritical water reactor equipment scale-up and process simulation. International Journal of Energy Research 36 (4), 456—465. 

Serban, M., M.A. Lewis, J.K. Basco (2004), Kinetic Study for the Hydrogen and Oxygen Production Reactions in the Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycle , Conference Proceedings, AIChE Spring National Meeting, 2690-2698. 

To assess the viability of the copper-chloride cycle, a dedicated experimental programme is proposed the study of the occurrence of possible side reactions. In order not to change the speciation of the vapour phase, the use of optical absorption spectrometry is proposed UV visible spectrometry to detect the possible presence of molecular chlorine, product of side reactions. 

A recent screening of several hundred possible reactions (Besenbruch et al 2001) has identified two candidate thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production from water (i.e., cycles that enable chemical reactions to take place at high temperatures) with high potential for efficiency and practical applicability to nuclear heat sources. These are the sulfur-iodine (S-I) and calcium-bromine-iron (Ca-Br) cycles. Also, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has identified the copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical cycle for this purpose (Doctor et al 2002). A hybrid sulfur-based process that does not require iodine but has a single electrochemical... 

Other Cycles Argonne National Laboratory s Chemical Engineering Division is studying other cycles like the copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle. The energy efficiency of the process is projected to be 40 to 45 percent (ANL, 2003). This work is currently being investigated only by ANL, at a bench-scale R D level, and no pilot demonstra-... 

PRELIMINARY PROCESS ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF THE COPPER-CHLORINE THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION... 

Copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle is a good alternative for hydrogen gas generation at low temperature... 

Eewis, M. A. Serban, M. Basco, J., Kinetic study of the hydrogen and oxygen production reactions in the Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycle, AIChE 2004 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, April 25-29, 2004. 

Orhan MF, Dincer I, Rosen MA (2008) Energy and exergy assessments of the hydrogen production step of a copper-chlorine thermochemical water splitting cycle driven by nuclear-based heat. Int J Hydrogen Energ 33 6456-6466... 

Zamfirescu C, Dincer I, Naterer GF (2010) Thermophysical proptuties of copper compounds in copper-chlorine thermochemical water splitting cycles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35 4839 853... 

The Meerwein arylation is at least formally related to the atom transfer method because a net introduction of an aromatic ring and a chlorine across a double bond is accomplished (Scheme 62). Facile elimination of HC1 provides an efficient route to the kinds of substituted styrenes that are frequently prepared by Heck arylations. Standard protocol calls for the generation of an arene diazonium chloride in situ, followed by addition of an alkene (often electron deficient because aryl radicals are nucleophilic) and a catalytic quantity of copper(II) chloride. It is usually suggested that the copper salt operates in a catalytic redox cycle, reducing the diazonium salt to the aryl radical as Cu1 and trapping the adduct radical as Cu11. 

The purpose of this article is to study the viability of the copper chloride thermochemical cycle by studying the hydrolysis reaction of CuCl2 which is not favoured thermodynamically. To better understand the occurrence of possible side reactions, together with a good control of the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction, the use of optical absorption spectrometries, UV visible spectrometry to detect molecular chlorine which may be formed in side reactions, FTIR spectrometry to follow the concentrations of H20 and HCl is proposed. 

Thus the function of the copper catalyst in the synthesis of methyl-chlorosilanes seems to be to transport the free methyl groups and to prolong their life in the form of copper methyl, and also to transfer the chlorine from methyl chloride to silicon. It is probable that copper acts similarly in the reaction of other hydrocarbon halides with silicon, and that similar metals also may undergo the same cycle of reactions. 

---