Copper® chloride-oxygen

Dimethyl carbonate [616-38-6] and dimethyl oxalate [553-90-2] are both obtained from carbon monoxide, oxygen, and methanol at 363 K and 10 MPa (100 atm) or less. The choice of catalyst is critical cuprous chloride (66) gives the carbonate (eq. 20) a palladium chloride—copper chloride mixture (67,68) gives the oxalate, (eq. 21). Anhydrous conditions should be maintained by removing product water to minimize the formation of by-product carbon dioxide. 

Oxychl orin ation of ethylene has become the second important process for 1,2-dichloroethane. The process is usually incorporated into an integrated vinyl chloride plant in which hydrogen chloride, recovered from the dehydrochlorination or cracking of 1,2-dichloroethane to vinyl chloride, is recycled to an oxychl orin a tion unit. The hydrogen chloride by-product is used as the chlorine source in the chlorination of ethylene in the presence of oxygen and copper chloride catalyst ... 

The first studies leading to the deracemization of VANOL 93 and VAPOL 94 were carried out with 1.4 equiv. of copper chloride and 2.8 equiv. of (-)-sparteine 1 in a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride (1 3.4) de-oxygenated by an argon purge, which gave a 64% yield of (S)-VAPOL with 99% ee, and a 77% yield of (S)-VANOL with 99% ee. However, in the last case, the co-solvent was deoxygenated via a freeze-thaw method. 

Oxyhydrochlorination A two-stage process for making gasoline from lower paraffinic hydrocarbons, especially methane. The methane, mixed with oxygen and hydrogen chloride, is passed over a supported copper chloride catalyst, yielding a mixture of chloromethanes ... 

Wacker (1) A general process for oxidizing aliphatic hydrocarbons to aldehydes or ketones by the use of oxygen, catalyzed by an aqueous solution of mixed palladium and copper chlorides. Ethylene is thus oxidized to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is conducted in acetic acid, the product is vinyl acetate. The process can be operated with the catalyst in solution, or with the catalyst deposited on a support such as activated caibon. There has been a considerable amount of fundamental research on the reaction mechanism, which is believed to proceed by alternate oxidation and reduction of the palladium ... 

The oxychlorination reactor is packed with cupric (copper) chloride catalyst. Three feeds, gaseous hydrogen chloride, pure oxygen or oxygen in the form of air, and ethylene are reacted at 600-800°F and 60-100 psi, to form EDC, and water, as in Reaction Three in Figure 9-1. The reaction effluent is then piped over to the cleanup fractionator, where it commingles with the EDC stream from Reaction One and the recycle stream from VC fractionator. 

A reactor was charged with 500 ml of acetone, 4-bromophenylacetylene (225 mmol), copper chloride (14 mmol), and N, N, N, A -tetramethylethylenediamine (14 mmol) and stirred for 1 hour at ambient temperature while bubbling in oxygen. The mixture was then concentrated, precipitated in 5% hydrochloric acid, and a light-yellow solid isolated. The solid was recrystallized in CHCI3, dried, and 39.8 g of product isolated as a light-yellow solid product, mp = 264-265°C. 

The reaction is exothermic (see Exercise 12.1), but, since it is very slow, a catalyst is necessary. Nitric oxide, once again, can serve as an oxygen carrier, as in the lead chamber process (Section 10.2) and in reaction 10.8, where (CH3)2S generated in the kraft process is converted to DMSO. Even so, at the elevated temperatures required, reaction 12.1 needs to be forced to completion by absorption of the steam in concentrated sulfuric acid or some other desiccant. In variants of the Deacon process, copper chloride acts as the catalyst or as an intermediate for chlorine regeneration. 

Commercial methods of producing copper arsenate consist in heating copper arsenite at 600° to 700° C. in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere,3 or in heating basic copper chloride with an arsenate or arsenic acid.4... 

When an alkali perarsenate is added to aqueous solutions of metallic salts, precipitates containing active oxygen are obtained thus salts of the alkaline earths, zinc, cadmium, silver, mercurous mercury, lead and bismuth yield white precipitates, mercuric salts give red precipitates, copper blue, manganese pink, nickel greenish-white and ferrous salts bluish-green. With auric chloride oxygen is liberated, and with ferric chloride feme hydroxide is precipitated. 

All-Ethylene Route. In the early 1960 s an all-ethylene route (6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18) to VCM, as shown in Figure 8, was made possible by development of the oxyhydrochlorination process. In this process, which replaced the acetylene-HCl part of the balanced route, the by-product HCI from EDC cracking reacts with ethylene and oxygen in the presence of a copper chloride catalyst to produce EDC. 

Dicarboxylation reactions of alkenes can be carried out such that predominately 1,2-addition of the two ester functions occurs (equation 61). The reaction takes place under mild conditions (1-3 bar, 25 C) in alcohol. It is stoichiometric in palladium, since the palladium(II) catalyst is reduced to palladium(O) in the process, but by use of an oxidant (stoichiometric copper chloride or catalytic copper chloride plus oxygen equation 62 and 63) the reaction becomes catalytic in palladium. In the reoxidation process, water is generated and the build-up of water increases the water gas shift reaction at the expense of the carboxylation. Thus a water scavenger such as triethyl orthoformate is necessary for a smooth reaction. 

Electrolysis as decomposition, for example of copper chloride solution, zinc bromide solution, hydrochloric acid and acidified water. Include tests for chlorine, oxygen and hydrogen. R... 

Serban, M., M.A. Lewis, J.K. Basco (2004), Kinetic Study of the Hydrogen and Oxygen Production Reactions in the Copper-chloride Thermochemical Cycle , AIChE 2004 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 25-29 April. 

Oxychlorination Process to produce vinyl chloride monomer from ethylene, hydrogen chloride, and oxygen over a copper chloride on alumina catalyst. 

Powdered copper chloride (2 g, technical quality) is dissolved in 120 ml of pyridine. The acetylene (0.20 mol) is added. Oxygen is introduced at a rate of 300 ml/min (the use of a fritt connected to the inlet tube is recommended) with vigorous agitation of the solution. The temperature is kept between 40 and 45 C by occasional cooling. After about half an hour the reaction has ceased and the temperature begins to drop. In some cases, a change of the colour... 

The invention of the Wacker process was a triumph of common sense. It had been known since 1894 that ethylene is oxidized to acetaldehyde by palladium chloride in a stoichiometric reaction (Figure 27). However, it was not until 1956 that this reaction was combined with the known reoxidation reactions of palladium by copper and, in turn of copper by oxygen. The total process developed by Wacker and Hoechst between 1957 and 1959 can be depicted as an exothermic catalytic direct oxidation to yield acetaldehyde. 

Two oxidative carbonylation processes to DMC have been commercialized, one by EniChem uses a copper chloride catalyst the other, developed by Ube and Bayer uses methyl nitrite (from methanol, NO and oxygen). 

Copper chloride complexes can be used as catalysts in a number of organic reactions. Examples include the Wacker process, which is the oxidization of ethylene to acetaldehyde by oxygen and aqueous Cu and Pd precatalysts (or, alternatively using iron catalysts) plus the synthesis of acrylonitrile from acetylene and hydrogen cyanide using CuCl. Cuprous chloride has also been used as a desulfiuizmg and... 

There is a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere, and over the millions of years since the Earth was formed many metals have combined with oxygen to form compounds called oxides. Iron, for example, occurs in the molten core of our Earth, and is often found in the Earth s crust as the ore haematite, which is iron oxide. Iron oxide is a binary compound, which means it contains only two elements. Notice that its name ends with ide . This is true for all binary compounds. Metals tend to combine with non-metals. Where a binary compound is made up of a metal and a non-metal, the first name of the compound is simply the name of the metal it contains and the second is the name of the non-metal, changed to end in ide for example, the compound between copper and chlorine is copper chloride. 

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