Cooling water distribution pump

The water in the pump suction well is chlorinated to control biofouling by the injection of sodium hypochlorite from a 10,000 gallon tank. Four vertical diffusers in each pump suction well distribute the sodium hypochlorite. RSIP item B151 (Reference 74) includes provision for adding strainer pressure instrumentation in the cooling water booster pump building, strainer bypass lines, and other improvements that will allow better operator monitoring, controls, and shutdown of pumps if the pressure limits are exceeded. 

Where chlorine dioxide is used, it is normally advantageous to feed it directly to the recirculating water pump suction to ensure that the maximum concentration is available to scour the cooling tower distribution decks and other areas that may be subject to heavy fouling by algal slimes. 

In Chapter 14 the use of additives to combat potential fouling was discussed. In the use of chemical treatment for cooling water there has to be an emphasis on effective and rapid dispersion since the concentration of the additives employed must be low, i.e. a few mg/l where possible, to minimise cost and to reduce potential pollution problems. In general the additive formulation will be based on the need to limit corrosion (i.e. the use of corrosion inhibitors), scale formation (i.e. the use of crystal modifiers, dispersants or threshold chemicals or a combination) and biofouling (i.e. the use of biocides and dispersants). In many installations additives are injected on the suction side of the main pump so that turbulence within the pump will provide rapid mixing. In very large cooling systems multiple injection nozzles will be required to enhance distribution. 

Continuous injection of corrosion inhibitors is practiced in once-through systems where slugs or batch treatment cannot be distributed evenly through the fluid. This method is used for water supplies, oil field injection water, once-through cooling water, open annulus oil or gas weUs, and gas lift wells. Liquid inhibitors are injected with a chanical injection pump. These pumps are extremely reliable and require little maintenance. Most chemical injection pumps can be adjusted to deliver at the desire injection rate (Chen et al. 2010). 

Water-Source Heat Pumps. Water-source systems transfer thermal energy to and from water, rather than air. During the winter, a fossil-fuel-powered water heater produces heat that is condensed by the heat pump and distributed throughout the building by water-filled pipes. In warmer temperatures, the indoor air heats the water in the pipes and the warm water is pumped up to an evaporative cooling tower outside the budding, typically located on the roof. The water inside the pipes remains at a steady temperature of between 60 and 90 degrees F. 

Cold water is pumped from a river, a well or the distribution network. It flows through the hot point (exchangers, apparatus requiring cooling, etc.) and is then discharged into the river or the sewer. 

The pumps for delivering the water to the works and those for the in-plant water supply and distribution system should have adequate reserve capacity in order to minimize the risk of breakdown in supply or in cooling water circulation if a technical fault occurs. The intermediate storage tanks for raw water, treated water... 

Figure 1 shows the experimental setup for the study of condensation in a microchannel [5], The deionized water in the water tank was pumped into the electric boiler where water was vaporized. Saturated steam from the boiler flowed successively through the valve, filter, and test section and was finally collected by a container at atmospheric pressure. Figure 2 shows the test section of the parallel microchanneis etched in a silicon wafer, which was cooled by circulation of cooling water from the bottom of the wafer. Temperature and pressure of steam at the inlet and the condensate at the outlet were measured by thermocouples and pressure transducers, respectively. WaU temperature distribution along the bottom of the microchaimels was measured by thermocouples embedded in the silicon wafer substrate. The microchanneis were then covered with thin transparent Pyrex glass from the top. To visualize condensation flow patterns... 

In a distributed system, small heat pumps are located in each building. Water from the heat source is sent directly to an individual heat pump. Heat removed from the distribution water is then used to warm the building. Some heat pumps may be used to also provide cooling. 

This process is continued until 39.4 g. (0.10 mole) of iodoform, equally distributed between the flasks, have been consumed (Note 4). After the reaction is complete, the reaction mixtures are combined and the organic layer is separated, washed once with water, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent is removed with a rotary evaporator at a water pump. The residue is transferred to a 50-ml. flask, and 1.0 g. of sodium methoxide is added (Note 5). The mixture is distilled under reduced pressure in an apparatus with a 5-cm. Vigreux side-arm (Ace Glass No. 9225). The receiver is cooled in an ice-water bath and the first fraction, which boils at 45—8° (5 mm.), n 1.5087, is collected. The clear distillate, 14.0-15.0 g. (63-67%) yield, should be stored in a refrigerator (Notes 6 and 7). 

Fig. 9.4.10 Apparatus for the gas flow-arc plasma method. The apparatus is composed of two components. The upper part is a glass Dewar, which accumulates small particles in a cryogenic matrix on the trim cooled with liquid nitrogen (LN). Sorv, inlet of organic vapor Syr, syringe for transferring produced colloids under anaerobic conditions RP, rotary pump S, target sample. Lower part is for plasma discharge. A BN furnace has gas inlets (G) and is specially designed for Ar gas to flow in screwed stream hence the plasma is emitted in a jet flame due to a plasma pinch effect. The black parts are copper electrodes cooled by water. In order to maintain a constant spacing between the surface of sample and tbe upper electrode, the sample position can move vertically so that the current through the sample to the upper electrode is precisely controlled and constant. This is very important to produce powders with a narrow size distribution.

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