Conversion rate density

This equation is plotted in Fig. 11, showing that for relatively dense support particles, biofilm growth can reduce the settling velocity if the biofilm density is less than that of the biofilm-free particle. As such bioparticles gain biomass, they will rise to the top of the bed and may even elutriate from the reactor (Sreekrishnan et al., 1991 Myska and Svec, 1994), reducing achievable conversion rates. This situation could be resolved by using lower density particles, such as expanded polystyrene or... 

The work presented here illustrates that surfactant selection can have a substantial impact on the rates of alcohol partitioning and associated reduction of DNAPL density. More work is needed to develop surfactant/alcohol systems which can minimize interfacial tension reduction while still providing acceptable density conversion rates. Because the potential benefits of in situ density modification are substantial, future work will be directed at system design to minimize interfacial tension reduction. 

The capillary plasma reactor consists of a Pyrex glass body and mounted electrodes which are not in direct contact with the gas flow in order to eliminate the influence of the cathode and anode region on CO2 decomposition. Analysis of downscaling effects on the plasma chemistry and discharge characteristics showed that the carbon dioxide conversion rate is mainly determined by electron impact dissociation and gas-phase reverse reactions in the capillary microreactor. The extremely high CO2 conversion rate was attributed to an increased current density rather than to surface reactions or an increased electric field. 

The relevant relaxation times of a culture system are determined by the actual cell density and the specific conversion rate (capacity) of the culture, i. e. by one or more operational and state variables (for instance feed rate and the concentrations or activities of cell mass and of effectors, if relevant) and inherent characteristic properties of the biosystem which are parameters. There are metabolites with a long lifetime and other (key) metabolites with very short... 

The cell construction ensures a high electrode area per volume unit together with small electrode distances, which, even with poorly conductive electrolytes and/or at low current densities, results in good space-time yields. A high turbulence of the flowing electrolyte is due to the mesh structure and ensures high conversion rates. 

From Figure 6 it follows that the conversion rate of methoxynaphthalene is positively affected by already small concentrations of NaCl dissolved in the SC water the higher the water density the stronger the effects and the larger the contribution of hydrolysis to total conversion. Product selectivity is also markedly affected, as is illustrated with Figures 7 and 8 by addition of only 1.01 % wt NaCl to SC water. 

Assuming that pyrolysis selectivity Is not affected by SC water, rate constants of pyrolysis at various SC water densities were calculated with naphthalenes as pilot compounds and the "dry experiment as the reference pyrolysis rate. The rate constant of hydrolysis ki, 2 subsequently followed as the difference of total ether conversion rate constant and pyrolysis rate constants. 

We can also ask What is the total mass of metals produced by z = 2.5 . Using the conversion factor pmetais = 1 /42 p to relate the comoving density of synthesised metals to the star formation rate density (Madau et al. 1996) we find... 

After the light-off temperature has been reached, during UDC phase 2, 3 and 4 and during the EUDC phase, the increase of cell density from 1000 to 1600 cells/inch2 (all other conditions remaining unchanged) shows a clear decrease in the emissions which seems to confirm the hypotheses that above light-off the phenomena of mass transfer indeed controls the conversion rate in a monolithic reactor. 

The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC, (see Fig. 7-6 in section 7.2.2.4.) is another low temperature fuel cell enjoying a renaissance after significant improvements in current density. The DMFC runs on either liquid or, with better performance but higher system complexity, on gaseous methanol and is normally based on a solid polymer electrolyte (SPFC). R-Ru catalysts were found to produce best oxidation results at the anode, still the power density is relatively low [5, 29]. Conversion rates up to 34 % of the energy content into electricity were measured, an efficiency of 45 % is expected to be feasible in the future. SPFC in the power order of several kW to be used in automobile applications are currently in the development phase. 

The 200 to 400 nm spectral Irradlance Inside the CER was measured using a Gamma Scientific Spectroradlometer. A selenium photovoltaic cell and Corning 7-45 ultraviolet filter was used to monitor the UV Irradlance. A 1 x 2 cm silicon solar cell was used to measure the near-IR Irradlance. CER photon flux was also calibrated by using 0-nltrobenzaldehyde (0-NBA) as an actlnometer( ). Outdoor photon flux was measured by dispersing 0-NBA In thin films (25 urn) of polymethyl methacrylate. These films were then exposed at the outdoor site behind a neutral density filter and were examined on a weekly basis. Outdoor weekly UV photon flux was calculated based on the conversion rate of the 0-NBA. 

The quantum yield of conversion of 4-chlorophenol was not measured with high accuracy ( 0.4 0.1 ). At low conversion rate (<0.1), the relative error on the conversion of 4-chlorophenol determined by HPLC measurement is about 25%. Moreover, the optical density at 254 nm increeised much with the progress of the reaction ( about a factor of 5 for 15% of transformation ). At conversion rates higher than 0.1, secondary reactions are not negligible trtien the solution was Irradiated at 296 nm. Nevertheless, the initial quantum yield of formation of Cl ( 0.25 0.05 ) appeared to be significantly lower than the quantum yield of conversion of 4-chlorophenol (37). 

Let us construct a reactor model that will predict the effects of conversion, current density, and electrolyte circulation rate on the chemical yield and run time of a cell for the production of -anisidine (see Clark et al., 1988 for details). The electrolytic cell used will be assumed to be of the narrow gap filter press type with total recirculation of... 

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