Conversion laboratory

University of Florida Solar Energy and Energy Conversion Laboratory http //www. me.ufl.edu/SOLAR/... 

The author expresses his gratitude to E. D. Howe, Director of the Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, for providing him with the opportunity of undertaking preliminary work on this paper during the summer of 1959, and to the Administration of St. Edward s University for providing the opportunity of subsequently completing it. 

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Sea Water Conversion Laboratories, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 

Calif. Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report 69-2. Water Resour. Center Delineation Report 30. 1969. 

Figure 3. Conversion laboratory a, conversion equipment b, control room ...

A major effort was launched in the late 1980s to find a base metal additive capable of raising the selectivity of Pt for the conversion of SOF. Several oxides were able to lower SO2 oxidation activity, as measured by the temperature required to achieve 50% conversion. Vanadia and chromia (added by impregnating precursor salts onto Pt/alumina) raised T50 by 218 and 165°C respectively. Many other oxides, including those of Zr, Mn and Ti, raised T50, but by a much smaller amount (75°C or less). In addition to suppressing SO2 oxidation, the promoted catalysts had to show retained activity for SOF conversion. Laboratory studies used CO, propene and decane as surrogates for SOF. Here, results were mixed, with vanadia performing well with CO and propene but poorly with decane. 

Gas Conversion Laboratory Exxon Research and Development Laboratories... 

Outcome-Based Pedagogical Approach for Energy Conversion Laboratory Course of Mechanical Engineering UG Programme... 

Laboratory studies indicate that a hydrogen-toluene ratio of 5 at the reactor inlet is required to prevent excessive coke formation in the reactor. Even with a large excess of hydrogen, the toluene cannot be forced to complete conversion. The laboratory studies indicate that the selectivity (i.e., fraction of toluene reacted which is converted to benzene) is related to the conversion (i.e., fraction of toluene fed which is reacted) according to ... 

Separation of families by merely increasing the resolution evidently can not be used when the two chemical families have the same molecular formula. This is particularly true for naphthenes and olefins of the formula, C H2 , which also happen to have very similar fragmentation patterns. Resolution of these two molecular types is one of the problems not yet solved by mass spectrometry, despite the efforts of numerous laboratories motivated by the refiner s major interest in being able to make the distinction. Olefins are in fact abundantly present in the products from conversion processes. 

B2.2.2.7 CENTRE-OF-MASS TO LABORATORY CROSS SECTION CONVERSION... 

The term distillation is applied to vaporisation and subsequent condensation according to (i) it should also be applied to (ii) since it is really the liquid which is converted into vapour and is first formed by condensation. Strictly speaking, the term sublimation should be applied to changes according to (iii). However, in practice, a substance when heated may first melt and then boil, but on cooling it may pass directly from the vapour to the solid the process is then also called sublimation. Indeed the mode of vaporisation, whether directly from solid to vapour or through the intermediate formation of a liquid, is of secondary importance it is the direct conversion of vapour to solid which is really the outstanding feature of sublimation in the laboratory. 

A survey of nonelectrolytic routes for CI2 production was conducted by Argonne National Laboratory the economics of these processes were examined in detail (76). One route identified as energy efficient and economically attractive is the conversion of waste NH Cl to CI2. 

Coal is used ia industry both as a fuel and ia much lower volume as a source of chemicals. In this respect it is like petroleum and natural gas whose consumption also is heavily dominated by fuel use. Coal was once the principal feedstock for chemical production, but ia the 1950s it became more economical to obtain most industrial chemicals from petroleum and gas. Nevertheless, certain chemicals continue to be obtained from coal by traditional routes, and an interest in coal-based chemicals has been maintained in academic and industrial research laboratories. Much of the recent activity in coal conversion has been focused on production of synthetic fuels, but significant progress also has been made on use of coal as a chemical feedstock (see Coal CONVERSION processes). 

The recorded chronology of the coal-to-gas conversion technology began in 1670 when a clergyman, John Clayton, in Wakefield, Yorkshire, produced in the laboratory a luminous gas by destmctive distillation of coal (12). At the same time, experiments were also underway elsewhere to carbonize coal to produce coke, but the process was not practical on any significant scale until 1730 (12). In 1792, coal was distilled in an iron retort by a Scottish engineer, who used the by-product gas to illuminate his home (13). 

J. M. Leitnaker, M. L. Smith, md C. M. Fitzpatrick, Conversion of Uranium Nitrate to Ceramic Grade Oxidefor the Eight-Water Breeder Reactor Process Development, ORNL-4755, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Term., 1972. 

Obsolete uses of urea peroxohydrate, as a convenient source of aqueous hydrogen peroxide, include the chemical deburring of metals, as a topical disinfectant and mouth wash, and as a hairdresser s bleach. In the 1990s the compound has been studied as a laboratory oxidant in organic chemistry (99,100). It effects epoxidation, the Baeyer-Villiger reaction, oxidation of aromatic amines to nitro compounds, and the conversion of sodium and nitrogen compounds to S—O and N—O compounds. 

Laboratory thin-film cells that are fabricated using this cell stmcture demonstrate a conversion efficiency of slightly greater than 10% (12). Unfortunately, efforts to create a device that is stable for long periods have been unsuccessfiil and Htde effort to develop this material is underway. 

W. H. Avery, R. W. Blevins, G. L. Dugyer, and E. J. Francis, Executive Summary—Maritime and Construction Aspects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Plant Ships, Apphed Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., Apr. 1976. 

Another step in laboratory automation to be achieved is the conversion of standard chemical procedures such as titrations or thermal gravimetric analysis, into unit laboratory operations. A procedure could then be selected from these laboratory operations by an expert system and translated by the system to produce a set of iastmctions for a robot. The robot should be able to obey specific iastmctions, such as taking a specified sample aliquot and titrating it using a specified reagent. 

From Boron Halides. Using boron haUdes is not economically desirable because boron haUdes are made from boric acid. However, this method does provide a convenient laboratory synthesis of boric acid esters. The esterification of boron haUdes with alcohol is analogous to the classical conversion of carboxyUc acid haUdes to carboxyUc esters. Simple mixing of the reactants at room temperature or below ia a solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, pentane, etc, yields hydrogen haUde and the borate ia high yield. 

---