Controlled release systems parenteral

DAVIS ET AL. Microspheres as Controlled-Release Systems Parenteral administration of microspheres... 

Microspheres as Controlled-Release Systems for Parenteral and Nasal Administration... 

Priese A, SeiUer E, Quack G, Lorenz B, Kreuter J (2000) Increase of the duration of the anticonvulsive activity of a novel NMDA receptor antagonist using poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles as a parenteral controlled release system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 49 103-109. 

Davis, S.S. Ilium, L. Burgess, D.J. Ratcliffe, J. Mills, S.N. Microspheres a controlled-release systems for parenteral and nasal administration. In Controlled Release Technology, Lee, P.L., Good, W.R., Eds. ACS Symposium Series 348 American Chemical Society Washington, 1987 201-213. 

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations. It has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems. 

As pharmaceutical scientists gain experience and tackle the primary challenges of developing stable parenteral formulations of proteins, the horizons continue to expand and novel delivery systems and alternative routes of administration are being sought. The interest in protein drug delivery is reflected by the wealth of literature that covers this topic [150-154]. Typically, protein therapeutics are prepared as sterile products for parenteral administration, but in the past several years, there has been increased interest in pulmonary, oral, transdermal, and controlled-release injectable formulations and many advances have been made. Some of the more promising recent developments are summarized in this section. 

D. Bodmer, T. Kissel, and E. Traechslin, Factors influencing the release of peptides and proteins from biodegradable parenteral depot systems, J. Controlled Release, 21, 129 (1992). 

Breitenbach, A., Y.X. Li, and T. Kissel, Branched biodegradable polyesters for parenteral drug delivery systems. J Control Release, 2000. 64(1-3) 167-78. 

Although examples of delivery systems using the parenteral and oral (solid) routes are presented in this chapter, application of dissolution controlled release matrix and coated systems concepts can extended easily (and has been) used for many other delivery routes. 

V. H. L. Lee and J. R. Robinson. Methods to achieve sustained drug delivery The physical approach Oral and parenteral dosage forms, in J. R. Robinson (ed.), Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6 Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, 3d ed. New York Marcel Dekker, 1978, pp. 123—173. 

Polylactic acid has been studied extensively for controlled release applications ranging from the oral delivery of simple drugs such as indomethacin9 to the parental administration of complex proteins such as insulin.10 Polylactic acid of different molecular weights has been studied as matrix material for parenteral administration. Seki et al.11 used polylactic acid 6000 and Smith and Hunneyball8 used polylactic acid 100,000 for the controlled delivery of drugs by the parenteral route. Several polylactic acid systems have been studied for the controlled... 

Poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide microspheres can be used as a controlled-release antigen delivery system - parenteral or oral. 

Carter DH, Luttinger M, Gardner DC. Controlled release parenteral systems for veterinary applications. J Control Release 1988 8 15-22. 

Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormone have been widely used for the treatment of ulcerative cohtis and Crohn s disease, given parenterally, orally, or rectally. Corticosteroids are believed to modulate the immune system and inhibit production of cytokines and mediators. It is not clear whether the most important steroid effects are systemic or local (mucosal). Budesonide is a corticosteroid that is administered orally in a controlled-release formulation. The drug undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, so systemic exposure is thought to be minimized. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, mercaptopurine (a metabolite of azathioprine), methotrexate, or cyclosporine are sometimes used for the treatment of IBD. ... 

Drug delivery microspheres, in particular smart systems with controlled release, have been developed with PLA and its copolymers with glycolide to produce poly[(D,L-lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)]. Since the 80 s up until the present, many publications have reported on the various applications in the pharmaceutical field for using PLA and copolymers and polymers for their sustained release parenteral formulations and performance in drug release in a controlled manner from microspheres [200, 201]. 

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