Smart systems

A typical small-molecule stmcture deterrnination using a SMART system proceeds in the following way ... 

The time for these four steps is typically about 15—20 min. It takes 1—2 h with the older single-reflection detector instmments. Because all reflections with weak, as well as moderate to strong intensities, are measured with the SMART system, the probabiUty of obtaining incorrect unit cell parameters is less than for conventional instmments. 

For small crystals, the 5 s per frame must be increased, but because so many reflections can be measured in a short period of time, it is possible to determine the unit cell parameters and identify crystals considerably smaller than was possible with conventional instmments. Currently (1996), the smallest sample for which this method has been used had dimensions of approximately 0.01 mm x 0.01 mm x 0.01 mm (about 2 n). As a result the SMART system is one of the most powerful tools for determining the identity of very small samples. 

Requires column holder unless used with SMART system. 

Mathes, H., Plath, P. J., Generation of monodisperse foams using a micro-structured static mixer, in Proceedings of the Tunisian-German Conference of Smart Systems and Devices, submitted for publication (27-30 March 2001), Hammamet, Tunisia. 

Cortie, M., Xu, X., Zareie, H., Chowdhury, H. and Smith, G.(12th-15th Dec 2005) Plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles and its exploitation, presented at Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart Systems 11, Sydney, Australia, SPIE, 5649, pp. 565-573. 

Destoop, T., Mathematical of Dense Phase Conveying Systems - A Revolutionary Move Towards Smart System Control, Woe. of1994 Bulk Solids Handling Conf, Rosemont, IL (1994)... 

We have had smart materials as materials for a long time though the term is relatively new. Some of the first smart materials were piezoelectric materials, such as poly(vinylene fluoride), which emit an electric current when pressure is applied and change volume when a current is passed through it. Most smart materials are polymeric or have a critical portion of the smart system that is polymeric. 

Prestige, Glucose test strips. My Pharmacy, Exeter, UK (http //www.mypharmacy.co.uk/ health products/products/p/prestige smart system/prestige smart system.htm), (http //www. walgreens.com/store/product.jhtml CATID=l 00133 id=prodl 8882). 

Smart systems involve sensing changing conditions and activating some sort of response, usually with an actuator. A project known as Active Aeroelastic Wing (AAW), conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, and Boeing Company, studied wing elasticity in a modi-... 

Figure 4.20 Schematic of the FDEMS sensor smart system for monitoring quality and for expert automated process control...

Examples of this type of software include OnGard from Drew Indus-trial/Ashland Chemical Co., TRASAR/Smart System from NALCO, PaceSetter Pius from Hercules/Betz-Dearborn, and Navigator/Marks-man from Calgon Corporation (Degremont). 

Nalco Chemical Company. Smart System (Advanced Control Systems). Promotional literature, Nalco Chemical Company, USA. 

Materials for Smart Systems. Pittsburgh, PA Materials Research Society, 1995. 

With smart systems, changes in a material are desirable. They serve as an inherent monitoring system that detects potentially harmful changes in the physical characteristics of a structure before they become serious. And, in many cases, they can actually initiate changes that can be made within the system to counteract those changes and extend the lifetime of the structure and the materials of which it is made. 

Epidermis is an interface between body and environment. The basic mechanism of the smart system of the epidermis has not been clarified yet, but epidermal ion dynamics in the epidermis plays an important role as a signaling system.47,49 As described earlier, a variety of receptors of neurotransmitters are found in the keratinocytes. Recently, the existence and function of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1, TRPV1) in epidermal keratinocytes has been demonstrated (Figure 10.2).50,51... 

A View of the Future From Inert Polymers to Active Materials to Smart Systems... 

Akhras, G. 2000. Smart materials and smart systems for the future. Canadian Military Journal Autumn 25-31. 

Newnham, R. E., and A. Amin. 1999. Smart systems Microphones, fish fanning, and beyond. Chemtech December 38-47. 

How Did We Get Here Evolution and Revolution A View of the Future From Inert Polymers to Active Materials to Smart Systems Active Materials Smart Materials Materials with a Memory... 

Crystals of 1-6 prepared as above were employed for the determination of molecular structure by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The relevant details of the crystal structures of the co-crystals are listed in Table l.f The intensity data were collected on a SMART system, Siemens, equipped with a CCD area detector,13 using Mo-Koc radiation. The structures were solved and refined using SHELXTL14 software. The refinements were uncomplicated and converged to good R-factors as... 

Siemens, SMART System, Siemens Analytical X-ray Instruments Inc., Madison, WI, U.S.A., 1995. 

The present account confines itself to a few examples, which demonstrate the ingenious exploitation of amphiphilic aggregate-based systems for specific purposes. It is clear that a collection of the right molecules, properly assembled, can accomplish much more than an equal number of the same molecules functioning in isolation. Remarkable advances have been made in recent years in the physical techniques by which one can characterize the above type of aggregates and utilize them for various materials applications. State-of-the-art characterization coupled with clever molecular design should hold the key for the development of smart systems. 

---