Contrast, definition

Brdnsted-Lowry theory, 194 contrast definitions, 194 indicators, 190 reactions, 188 titrations, 188 Acids, 183 aqueous, 179 carboxylic, 334 derivatives of organic, 337 equilibrium calculations, 192 experimental introduction, 183 names of common, 183 naming of organic, 339 properties of, 183 relative strengths, 192, 451 strength of, 190 summary, 185 weak, 190, 193 Actinides, 414 Actinium... 

Cole is best taken to say that the bourgeoisie would have taken power if provoked, not that they decided to keep away from power unless provoked. The last idea is quite implausible, since the very point of Cole s argument is that the bourgeoisie were not a "they" in the sense of being a collective actor. Lipset, by contrast, definitely does propose an explanation, in which, however, the interest of the bourgeoisie plays no role whatsoever. His explanation nevertheless is compatible with either (i) or (2). It may be the case, that is, that the weakness of the bourgeoisie which permitted the aristocracy to retain power was also a weakness that made it in the interest of the bourgeoisie that the aristocracy should have the power. ... 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

It is thus tempting to define the first saturated layer as being one monolayer, and this often done, causing some confiision. One therefore also often uses tenns like saturated monolayer to indicate such a single adsorbate layer that has reached its maximal two-dimensional density. Sometimes, however, the word saturated is omitted from this definition, resulting m a different notion of monolayer and coverage. One way to reduce possible confiision is to use, for contrast with the saturated monolayer, the tenn fractional monolayer for the tenn that refers to the substrate unit cell rather than the adsorbate size as the criterion for the monolayer density. 

Just as it is not necessary for polymer chains to be linear, it is also not necessary for all repeat units to be the same. We have already mentioned molecules like proteins where a wide variety of different repeat units are present. Among synthetic polymers, those in which a single kind of repeat unit are involved are called homopolymers, and those containing more than one kind of repeat unit are copolymers. Note that these definitions are based on the repeat unit, not the monomer. An ordinary polyester is not a copolymer, even though two different monomers, acids and alcohols, are its monomers. By contrast, copolymers result when different monomers bond together in the same way to produce a chain in which each kind of monomer retains its respective substituents in the polymer molecule. The unmodified term copolymer is generally used to designate the case where two different repeat units are involved. Where three kinds of repeat units are present, the system is called a terpolymer where there are more than three, the system is called a multicomponent copolymer. The copolymers we discuss in this book will be primarily two-component molecules. We shall discuss copolymers in Chap. 7, so the present remarks are simply for purposes of orientation. 

Step-growth polymerizations can be schematically represented by one of the individual reaction steps VA + B V —> Vab V with the realization that the species so connected can be any molecules containing A and B groups. Chain-growth polymerization, by contrast, requires at least three distinctly different kinds of reactions to describe the mechanism. These three types of reactions will be discussed in the following sections in considerable detail. For now our purpose is to introduce some vocabulary rather than develop any of these beyond mere definitions. The principal steps in the chain growth mechanism are the following ... 

By contrast, in SI units, the coulomb (C) is the unit of charge and is defined as an ampere second (A sec). To reconcile this with newtons and meters, the units of F and r, respectively, a proportionality constant that is numerically different from unity and which has definite units is required. For charges under vacuum we write... 

In use, a mantle of ice is frozen onto the outer surface of the thermometer weU. A common way to do this is to fiU the weU with cmshed dry ice until the mantle achieves a good thickness. Descriptions of the technique for doing this are given in several pubHcations and in manufacturers Hterature. The temperature of the water triple point is 0.01°C, or 273.16 K, by definition. In practice, that temperature can be realized in the ceU within 0.00015 K of the definition. In contrast, a bath of ice and water for producing the temperature 0°C is difficult to estabHsh with an accuracy better than 0.002°C. 

Figure 10 shows that Tj is a unique function of the Thiele modulus. When the modulus ( ) is small (- SdSl), the effectiveness factor is unity, which means that there is no effect of mass transport on the rate of the catalytic reaction. When ( ) is greater than about 1, the effectiveness factor is less than unity and the reaction rate is influenced by mass transport in the pores. When the modulus is large (- 10), the effectiveness factor is inversely proportional to the modulus, and the reaction rate (eq. 19) is proportional to k ( ), which, from the definition of ( ), implies that the rate and the observed reaction rate constant are proportional to (1 /R)(f9This result shows that both the rate constant, ie, a measure of the intrinsic activity of the catalyst, and the effective diffusion coefficient, ie, a measure of the resistance to transport of the reactant offered by the pore stmcture, influence the rate. It is not appropriate to say that the reaction is diffusion controlled it depends on both the diffusion and the chemical kinetics. In contrast, as shown by equation 3, a reaction in solution can be diffusion controlled, depending on D but not on k. 

Plastics are subidivided into two types thermoplastic and thermosetting. The thermoplastics can be softened by heat and hardened again by subsequent cooling. This process is reversible and can be repeated many times. By contrast, the thermosetting resins are first softened and melted and, at subsequent heating to a definite temperature, they are irreversibly hardened, becoming insoluble [53]. 

PROBLEM DEFINITION. This is achieved through plant visits and discussions with risk analysts. In the usual application of THERP, the scenarios of interest are defined by the hardware orientated risk analyst, who would specify critical tasks (such as performing emergency actions) in scenarios such as major fires or gas releases. Thus, the analysis is usually driven by the needs of the hardware assessment to consider specific human errors in predefined, potentially high-risk scenarios. This is in contrast to the qualitative error prediction methodology described in Section 5.5, where all interactions by the operator with critical systems are considered from the point of view of their risk potential. 

This is in contrast to many data collection systems, in which considerable efforts are expended in developing a "definitive" data collection philosophy. However, once the system is in place, there is little attempt to modify this on the basis of operational feedback. 

In contrast, RNA occurs in multiple copies and various forms (Table 11.2). Cells contain up to eight times as much RNA as DNA. RNA has a number of important biological functions, and on this basis, RNA molecules are categorized into several major types messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Eukaryotic cells contain an additional type, small nuclear RNA (snRNA). With these basic definitions in mind, let s now briefly consider the chemical and structural nature of DNA and the various RNAs. Chapter 12 elaborates on methods to determine the primary structure of nucleic acids by sequencing methods and discusses the secondary and tertiary structures of DNA and RNA. Part rV, Information Transfer, includes a detailed treatment of the dynamic role of nucleic acids in the molecular biology of the cell. 

Reliability is generally understood to measure the degree of certainty that a piece of equipment will perform as intended. Relays, in contrast with most other equipment, have two alternative ways in which they can be unreliable. They may tail to operate when they are expected to, or they may operate when they are not expected to. This leads to the two-pronged definition of dependability, the measure of certainty that the relays will operate correctly for all faults for which they are designed to operate and security, the measure of certainty that the relays will not operate incorrectly for any fault. 

The ideal soil is defined as a loose, granular medium that is devoid of cohesion but possesses internal friction. In contrast, an ideal cohesive medium is one that is devoid of internal friction. Real soils generally fall between the foregoing two limiting definitions. 

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