Continuous underway measurement

Lpplications of continuous, underway measurement to marine science include measurements of chemical variability in the upper ocean, especially near coastal fronts and streamers (i, 2) determination of the in situ concentrations of trace metals (3) and of dissolved gases near the air-sea interface 4, 5) assessment of the types, concentrations, and variations of planktonic communities (6) investigation of the mixing and lateral dispersion of pollutants in the sea (7) and the acquisition bf spatially adequate ground truth for remote sensing of fisheries stocks and oceanic prop-... 

Figure 1. Flow, measurement, and data acquisition system used to take continuous underway measurements...

For the continuous data, the alkalinity (CTA) was calculated from the continuous underway measurement of salinity by assuming a constant spe-... 

Figure 4a. Continuous underway measurements of temperature salinity, dissolved O2 and pH. Density, computed from temperature and salinity, also is shown. Calibration data are shown with a symbol. Numbers at the top of the figure refer to CTD station numbers and the stippled areas show the...

Figure 4h. Continuous underway measurements of nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and chlorophyll a. Calibration data and discrete determinations of TA and titration total CO2 (taken with the GEOSECS titrators) are shown with...

PAT is a system for continuous analysis and control of manufacturing processes based on expeditious, real-time measurements during processing. They can measure quality and performance attributes of raw and in-process materials as well as processes to ensure acceptable finished product quality. What makes PAT forward-quality is that it can occur while the process is underway, as opposed to the more traditional approach of measuring quality at the end of the process. Clearly, this significantly supports the recall... 

This work is part of an on-going program. Analysis of the effects of sulfur on radical decay, further examination of the stoichiometric H2/02/N2 data, and analysis of sulfur chemistry in rich C2H2/02/N2 flames are underway. The laboratory program is continuing with fluorescence measurements of NO, NO2, NH, NH2 and CN in an effort to develop a unified kinetic model for fuel nitrogen chemistry in flames. 

This chapter demonstrates that pH may be measured continuously while underway to 0.01 units, and that pH-temperature relationships can be interpreted in terms of known oceanographic processes. Data from the Gulf of California are used to illustrate these points. 

Although several analytical methods for measuring and determining radon and radon progeny from environmental media or biological tissues exist, several on-going studies have been identified in the Federal Radon Activities Inventory. There are a number of animal studies underway. Occupationally exposed individuals are continually monitored in order to obtain more accurate models and better measurement techniques. 

However, the reign of the cesium-based superclocks may be over very soon. A team led by physicist John C. Berquist at NIST has developed an atomic clock, called the NIST optical clock, that is based on the interactions between ultraviolet light and a single mercury atom. Studies by the Berquist group show that the new optical clock is 10 times more precise than the cesium clock. This means that the optical clock would have an error of only 0.1 second in 70 million years of continuous operation. The search is now underway for an atom that might provide even more precise time measurements than mercury. 

Unlike water and solid waste, no comprehensive study has been published on air pollution from textile operations. Textile mills produce atmospheric emissions from all manner of processes, and these have been identified as the second greatest problem for the textile industry [8], There has been much speculation about air pollutants from textiles but, in general, air emissions data for textile manufacturing operations are not readily available [9-11]. Most published data are mass balance not direct measurements [12, 13], Direct reading tubes and gas chromatog-raphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have been used more recently to get more reliable data [14, 15]. Hopefully, in the future air emissions data will continue to be collected from textile operations, and better definitions of industry norms can be expected. Considerable effort is now underway in that regard [14, 16]. 

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