Contamination, radioactive removable

There are assessments predicting the use of reverse osmosis for the processing of the wastes from medical application [36,37] and for the removal of caesium-137 from decontamination wastes after accident in the steel production factory [38]. RO is considered as a method for removal of radioactive pollutants from contaminated water (removal of Cs and °Sr) in the vicinity of atomic power plants [39], as well as for removal of small quantities of radionuclides ( Rn, Ra) from... 

LS counters are suitable for measuring radionuclides that emit only very low-energy beta particles or electrons, notably tritium (Emax = 18.6 keV). When tritium is measured as tritiated water and its activity is reported relative to water weight or volume, no yield measurement is needed. Liquid samples, e.g., water from the environment, process streams, urine, or dissolved solids, can be counted directly or purified by distillation. Results for purified samples are more reliable to the extent that the radioelement can be identified, quenching is stabilized, and luminescent contaminants are removed. Reagents may have to be added to the distillation flask to hold back other potentially volatile radionuclides, such as radioactive iodine, carbon, ruthenium, or technetium. 

Non-Fixed Radioactive Contamination (Radioactive Material Only). Radioactive contamination that can be removed from a surface by wiping with a dry smear. lATA App. A... 

UN-100-N-2 FLV-858 valve body relief line 25,000-30.000 gal of radioactively-contaminated water. Less than 1 Ci of radioactivity. Crack in relief line to 32-in low pressure flash line between EDT and 109-N. Contaminated soil removed. 

UN-100-N-7 10 in Drain line between 105-N and EOT 504,000 gal of irradiated water with unknown levels of radioactivity. Leak in drain line. Contaminated soil removed. 

Unlike most biological and many chemical hazards, which usually do not present any outward sign of danger, all radioactive materials have a characteristic trait radioactive emissions. Since these emissions usually can be detected by instruments, spills or contamination from these substances can be located as long as the amount is sufficiently high. The only major exception to this is tritium contamination, since its energy of emission is too low to be detected by portable instruments. Its presence can only be indirectly detected, and then only if the contamination is removable, as we will see later in this section. 

In order to remove the generated contaminants associated with abrasive blasting and to ensure visibility into the box, a high exhaust airflow rate is necessary. High flow rates may also be necessary to maintain a large pressure difference to prevent leaks of highly toxic and radioactive materials. 

Contamination Any unwanted material, such as radioactive material, present in a location. Also refers to loose radioactive materials that can be easily removed from surfaces. 

Many commercially available detergents are suitable for this purpose, and some manufacturers market special formulations for cleaning laboratory glassware some of these, e.g. Decon 90 made by Decon Laboratories of Portslade, are claimed to be specially effective in removing contamination due to radioactive materials. 

Aeration is also an efficient process for removing radioactive radon from contaminated well water. 

The contaminants that can be removed by flotation include conventional pollutants such as BOD, COD, total suspended solids (TSS), phosphorus, phenols, oil and grease, as well as toxic pollutants including heavy metals, toxic organics, pathogenic microorganisms, and radioactive radon 22.28,33,54,64,100-102... 

To fulfil the background requirements typical of rare event physics, particular care was dedicated to the selection and treatment of the materials used for the construction of CUORICINO the crystals where grown with low contamination materials in China and sent by ship to Italy where they have been optically polished with specially selected low-contamination powders. The mechanical structure of the array was made exclusively in OFHC copper and PTFE both these materials have an extremely low radioactive content. All the copper and PTFE parts of the mounting structure underwent a chemical treatment to remove any possible surface contamination. Finally, the array was assembled in an underground clean room in a N2 atmosphere to avoid Radon contamination. 

Experience of using these filters with the removable cartridges in Chernobyl regions has shown that they have been able to solve problems conducted with radioactive contamination of potable water preventing panic of populace, preventing the water contamination in the distance between the water supply station and consumers, preventing consequences of emergency cases at the water supply stations, supply with decontaminated water at remote settlements, etc. 

A large field experiment (about 0.7ha) was established in the area of a former spill, after the removal of bulk of the contamination. Hemp and flax cultivars were planted in May 2002 and 2003, and after harvest, the plant material was treated with the standard technological process for fibre production at Agritech Ltd. The activity of accumulated Ra was determined in various parts of the plant. As all plants tested showed a level of activity indistinguishable from background, they were effectively non-radioactive (Table 4). Post-processing products similarly contained no Ra activity (Table 5). 

Emergent plants (helophytes) showed a potential for removal of TNT from contaminated water under in vitro conditions with small differences in the formation of the major degradation products - monoaminodinitrotoluenes. Most of TNT degradation products (using " C-radiolabelled TNT) were localized in the roots of reed (53% of total radioactivity) as insoluble compounds (33% of total radioactivity) (Nepovim et al. 2005). 

Following biological degradation, the extract is exposed to photochemical degradation, which removes uranium from solution as polyuranate. The metals and uranium are captured in separate treatment steps, allowing for the separation of wastes into radioactive and nonradioactive waste streams. This treatment process does not create additional hazardous wastes and allows for the reuse of the contaminated soil. The technology has been the subject of bench-scale tests and is not currently commercially available. 

The MRU technology is not applicable to heavy-metal-contaminated soils nor to radioactive waste contamination. The one exception to heavy-metals remediation is mercury. The vaporization temperature for mercury is well within the operating range of the MRU, and because of closed chamber construction, it is ideally suited for the removal and reclamation of mercury from contaminated soil. 

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