Construction labour

The design and construction of the facilities presented unique challenges in engineering, logistics and construction, considering the distance from New Zealand of the sources of a major portion of the process equipment and the relative lack of skil-led construction labour required to build the plant within a reasonable schedule. 

Change to development plan, June 1942, 164 Construction completed, 175 Construction labour camps,... 

In March 1915, the Ministry decided not to use prisoners of war for construction, since the Hague Convention did not allow this, although it would be possible to use them later in powder production. Furthermore, the Ministry concluded that the local farm workers would not go back to the land, where they received lower wages. Instead, the Ministry suggested the use of migrant workers from occupied Russian Poland. From May 1915 onwards, therefore, migrant workers were used to overcome the shortage of construction labour. ... 

As for other project activities, there are two basic ways to procure site construction either to have the work performed on a product basis, by which one or more parties contract to perform parcels of work at a price per item, or to have the work performed on an input basis. For the latter, the project manager hires the construction labour and supervisors on a time basis, either directly or through a contractor, and also hires or buys all the other resources of construction plant, tools, temporary facilities, and consumable materials. There are many pros and cons of each alternative, including the availability and competitiveness of potential contractors, and the need for flexibility in control of site activities, which may be necessary in the case of unpredictable site delivery dates for materials and a likelihood of late design changes. 

The construction costs for a new lead smelter have been developed for construction under USA or equivalent conditions. Construction costs in other localities will depend on the cost of construction labour, the use of local construction materials, and the extent of inclusion of locally manufactured... 

The capital costs per MW(e) are expected to be similar to large-size LWRs. The low total capital cost is due to the small size, reduction of site construction labour, easy normal and post-accident operation and reduction of maintenance to facilitate construction of the IMR in many countries, including developing countries. 

The cost of the air-cooled pUes scheme will be substantially less... The use of a prepared site having excellent rail access and a labour supply within short distance wUl very substantially reduce the man-hours of construction labour required. The very large and elaborate water treatment plant required for the water-cooled pUe is not needed. For these reasons it is estimated that the overall cost would be reduced by at least 40 per cent. 

Figure 3-1A. Sealless Magnetic Drive Centrifugal Pump, no seals, no leakage, no coupling. Chemical resistance depends on materials of construction. See Table 3-2. (By permission, LaBour Pump Co.)...

Evaporators of suitable and robust construction can be defrosted by brushing, scraping or chipping, but these methods are labour-intensive and may lead to damage of the plant. 

This form of construction is seen to be quite sound, and there are still many such stores in service which were built 50 and more years ago. The method is still used in countries where cork is cheap and craft labour available at an economic price. 

The cost of materials and labour has been subject to inflation since Elizabethan times. All cost-estimating methods use historical data, and are themselves forecasts of future costs. Some method has to be used to update old cost data for use in estimating at the design stage, and to forecast the future construction cost of the plant. 

Labour will be needed for construction of the plant and its operation. Skilled construction workers will usually be brought in from outside the site area, but there should be an adequate pool of unskilled labour available locally and labour suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled tradesmen will be needed for plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and restrictive practices will have to be considered when assessing the availability and suitability of the local labour for recruitment and training. 

The three major cost elements for pipelines are (1) construction costs (e.g., materials, labour, booster station, if needed, and others), (2) operation and maintenance costs (e.g., monitorisa-tion, maintenance, energy costs) and (3) other costs (design, insurance, fees, and right-of-way). 

Usually it is difficult to justify pressure-resistant construction in the case of extreme operating pressures because of the necessary material strength (JW wall thickness) needed. In individual cases it can also be difficult and labour-intensive to design a vent system for safe venting via pressure relief devices. This can be the case when catch systems are required. A separate document details the conditions and how safe venting from pressure relief systems can be achieved. 

From this perspective the embodied labour coefficients, employed in the Sraffian interpretation of Marx, are based on an exclusive focus on the use-value aspect (ibid. 54). Furthermore, These constructs inhibit the account of a capitalist economy as an essentially monetary system (ibid. 54). As argued by Clarke ... 

A small shift away from the refinery sector towards the new and more labour-intensive hydrogen production sector could also be identified. Employment gains could also be made in the construction and the machinery and equipment sectors because of hydrogen infrastructure investments. 

Interlocking construction blocks are also a promising field for sulphur concretes. The various types of blocks produced allow easy construction. The close reproduction of mould shape is a major advantage mortarless construction has been employed, allowing use of unskilled labour. Improvements in mix design should lead to a reduction in the quantity of binder required and thus a reduction in cost. 

Earlier versions of the pack press were made of hardwood. Some still are, but modern pack presses are usually constructed from stainless steel and are frequently designed to accommodate two stacks for improved efficiency. These are assembled in sequence in their respective collecting trays before moving across the hydraulic ram, so that while one pressing operation is under way the next stack is being prepared and charged in readiness to follow on. Thus an almost continuous, albeit labour-intensive, pressing operation can be carried out. 

---