Constructability Considerations

The following design practices should be implemented to facilitate constructability -including minimizing the need for future anchor repair or replacement. 

If projecting anchors can interfere with construction or maintenance activities, use of coupled type anchors should be considered (PIP STEOl 100) 

Anchor Diameter, in. (mm) PIP and this Committee s Recommended Base Plate Hole Diameter, in. (mm) (See note 3.) Minimum Washer Size, in. (mm) (See note 3.) Minimum Washer Thickness, in. (mm) (See note 3.) 

Base plate hole size recommendations are based on the AISC ASD Manual, ninth edition, adjusted such that standard ASTM F436/ASTM F436M washers will cover the base plate holes. They are also recommended in PIP STE05121 - Anchor Bolt Design Guide and by this committee. AISC hole size recommendations in the current AISC Manual, thirteenth edition, have been revised and are larger. 

Washers for the oversized holes should be fabricated from ASTM A36/A36M steel plate. They may be round, square, or rectangular, and generally have holes that are 1/16-in. (1.6 mm) larger than the anchor. The thickness must be suitable for the forces to be transferred. Minimum washer sizes and thicknesses are shown in the table. (AISC Manual, 13 Edition, Part 14 and Table 14-2). Washers which will be welded to the base plate in order to transmit shear must be thickened to avoid overstressing in bearing and to be sufficiently thick for fillet welding. 

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Mix Penetration Strength. The susceptibility of separators to particle penetration is characterized by mix penetration strength. During the winding of the spiral wrap construction considerable mechanical pressure is applied to the cathode-separator—anode interface. Any loose particle could be forced through the separator and short the cell. The mix penetration strength should be at least 100 kgf/mil for separators used in lithium-ion cells. 

Chlorohydrin Process. Ethylene oxide is produced from ethylene chlorohydrin by dehydrochlorination using either sodium or calcium hydroxide (160). The by-products include calcium chloride, dichloroethane, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, and acetaldehyde. Although the chlorohydrin process appears simpler, its capital costs are higher, largely due to material of construction considerations (197). 

Temperatures Pressures Volumes <5 Reaction kinetics <5 Chemical compatibilities <5 Known material of construction considerations... 

Construction considerations and the tolerances required were in accordance with recommendations in Refe. Al 0 and Al 2. Details of the calculations performed are presented in Appendix G,4. 

Construction considerations influence directly the economics of any paving procedure. Introduction of a new paving material or method will... 

More recently O. Steiger and I constructed considerably improved apparatus, by means of which much more accurate determinations... 

Currents ean be described over a given time-scale by a time-mean magnitude, direction, and spatial and turbulent variability. Tidal currents, like astronomical tidal levels are predictable but can be particularly influenced by less predictable components such as wind, river discharge and surge effects. When wind and wave influences are important in current generation, it is rare for the resulting, albeit less predictable, currents to be a governing construction consideration when compared with the direct wind and wave effects. 

Incorporate the critical nature of construction considerations into design feasibility... 

Mr. Kazakov discussed problems associated with contamination from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The first problem is in characterising what portion of the contaminated material in the exclusion zone should be considered radioactive waste and how to deal with it remove it or possibly use materials for construction. Consideration of the extent to which contaminated materials should be removed, as radioactive waste, presents a problem as well. This is related to the second problem in properly characterising the total inventory of the radioactive waste. The waste is characterised at temporary locations of radioactive waste (TLPRW) and radioactive waste burial sites (RWBS). Although there is a great deal of documented information on the locations, volumes and activities, it is unclear whether to categorise the radioactive waste by specific activity, volume or presence of transuranic and fissionable elements in the radioactive waste. 

Research and Development, Pilot Plant Materials Selection Preliminary Plant Design, Detailed Engineering, Procurement, Fabrication and Construction Considerations Plant Operation, Code Inspection, Maintenance Considerations... 

Construction and constructability considerations—Including the extent and characteristics of materials to be excavated, and the conditions that affect deep foundation installation or ground improvement. 

In relation to the formation of voids during construction, consideration should be given to the application of an appropriate quality assurance programme. 

Summing up these results it can be concluded that stainless steels improve the durability of reinforced concrete constructions considerably. Depending on the expected severity of the environment different steel grades should be selected for carbonated, chloride-free concrete ferritic stainless steels with low chromium content (e.g. DIN... 

This chapter provides basic information regarding installation of anchors, with the initial focus being on key factors and practices affecting post-installed anchor installations. Anchor constructability considerations which address and detail quality control, inspection, design, and construction practices that will help ensure constructible and structurally effective anchor installations are then outlined. Finally, anchor repair procedures are provided - with specific recommendations made for the repair of common anchor installation problems such as misalignment and erroneous projections. 

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