Confocal schematic

Figure Bl.2.12. Schematic diagram of apparatus for confocal Raman microscopy. From [3], used with penuission.

There are two types of scanning acoustic microscopes. If the illumination and the reception of the acoustic waves are performed by two identical lenses arranged confocally, the SAM is called a transmission SAM. The lens geometry used for transmission imaging is shown schematically in Fig. 41 [93]. 

Figure 2.42 Micro mixer geometry with staggered groove structures on the bottom wall, as considered in [137], The top of the figure shows a schematic view of the channel cross-section with the vortices induced by the grooves. At the bottom, confocal micrographs showing the distribution of two liquids over the cross-section are displayed.

The experimental set-up for the FCS measurement is illustrated schematically in Figure 8.6. A CW Ar laser (LGK7872M, LASOS lasertechnik GmbH) at 488 nm was coupled to a single mode optical fiber to isolate the laser device from an experimental table on which the confocal microscope system was constructed. This excitation laser light transmitted through the optical fiber was collimated with a pair of lenses, and then was guided into a microscope objective (lOOX, NA 1.35, Olympus). 

Figure 13.6 (a) Confocal micrograph of a circularly self-spreading lipid monolayer. A rhodamine-labeled lipid is doped to visualize the spreading behavior, (b) A schematic illustration of the front edge of the self-spreading lipid monolayer [51]. 

More recently Ghiggino and co-workers(32) have applied laser scanning confocal fluorescence lifetime microscopy to the study of polyvinyl alcohol films containing rhodamine B (650 nm emission) and cresyl violet (632 nm emission). Synchronously pumped dye laser excitation and APD detection were used with optical fiber coupling. A schematic diagram of their apparatus is shown in Figure 12.5. 

Fig. 2.1. Schematic representations of the confocal type Raman probe (A) and the miniaturized Raman probe (B)...

Fig. 21.2. (A) Schematic representation of the electrochemical DNA biosensing procedures based on Av-GEB. (B) Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microphotograph of Av-GEB transducers submitted to (i) non-biotinylated fluorescein (background adsorption) and (ii) 80 pmol of biotinylated fluorescein. Laser excitation was at 568 nm. Voltage 352 V (more details in Zacco et at., [65]).

Figure 3.7 Schematic for a scanning IR microspectrometer system using a single-element detector and the possibility for confocal operation where aperturing is used both before and after the sample.

We have undertaken an experiment to try to improve the performance of pulse amplifier experiments. The system is shown schematically in figure 2. It consisted of a continuous-wave C102 dye laser amplified in three stages by a frequency tripled Q-switched NdtYAG laser. The output energy was approximately 2.0 mJ in a 150 MHz linewidth and was up-shifted from the continuous-wave laser by 60 MHz caused by the frequency chirp. This light was then spectrally filtered in a confocal interferometer with a finesse of 40 and a free spectral range of 300 MHz. The linewidth of the filtered radiation was approximately 16 MHz. 

Figure 4 Correction of improper chromosome attachments by activation of Aurora kinase (45). (a) Assay schematic, (i) Treatment with the Eg5 inhibitor monastrol arrests cells in mitosis with monopolar spindles, in which sister chromosomes often are both attached to the single spindle pole, (ii) Hesperadin, an Aurora kinase inhibitor, is added as monastrol is removed. As the spindle bipolarizes with Aurora kinase inhibited, attachment errors fail to correct so that some sister chromosomes are still attached to the same pole of the bipolar spindle, (iii) Removal of hesperadin activates Aurora kinase. Incorrect attachments are destabilized by disassembling the microtubule fibers, which pulls the chromosomes to the pole, whereas correct attachments are stable, (iv) Chromosomes move from the pole to the center of the spindle as correct attachments form, (b) Structures of the Eg5 inhibitor monastrol and two Aurora kinase inhibitors, hesperadin and AKI-1. (c) Spindles were fixed after bipolarization either in the absence (i) or presence (ii) of an Aurora kinase inhibitor. Arrows indicate sister chromosomes that are both attached to the same spindle pole. Projections of multiple image planes are shown, with optical sections of boxed regions (1 and 2) to highlight attachment errors. Scale bars 5 xm. (d) After the removal of hesperadin, GFP-tubulin (top) and chromosomes (bottom) were imaged live by three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microcopy and DIC, respectively. Arrow and arrowhead show two chromosomes that move to the spindle pole (marked by circle in DIC images) as the associated kinetochore-microtubule fibers shorten and that then move to the center of the spindle. Time (minutes seconds) after the removal of hesperadin. Scale bar 5 (cm.

Fig. 8.3 Schematic representation of the confocal Raman microscope inclusive light path...

Fig. 3 Schematic representation of a 1000-capillary rotary scanner and a four-color confocal fluorescence detection system. (From Ref. [10].)...

Figure 11.9. Schematic of confocal microscope optics, showing addition of a confocal aperture that restrict.s sampling depth zi and Z2 represent two depths in a transparent sample.

Fig. 4 Reprinted from [96], (a) Schematics of the confocal rheoscope of the Edinburgh group [96]. The top arrow marks translation of the rheometer head to adjust the geometry gap, the horizontal arrow indicates translation of the arm supporting the objective to image at different radial positions r. (b) Close up of the central part of the rheoscope, similar to the cone-plate imaging system of Derks [111] except that in the latter the lower plate can also be rotated, while in the former the microscope objective radial position r can be varied, (c) Gap profile of a 1° cone-plate geometry, measured in the confocal rheoscope with fluorescent particles coated on both surfaces...

Figure 14.2 (a) Schematic for a scanning (FT-IRM) microspectrometer system using a single-element detector and the possibility for confocal operation where aperturing is used both before and after the sample (b) Schematic for an imaging (FT-IRI) microspectrometer system using an FPA detection system. Reproduced with permission from Ref [4]. 

Figure 4 Schematic diagram showing an atom of nuclear charge Z located at one of the foci (z = D) of a prolate spheroidal box (bold line) characterized by = o> which forms part of a family of confocal prolate spheroids ( ), each one orthogonal to a family of confocal hyperboloids (ij ) (all shown with thin dotted lines). d and denote an electron position relative to the nucleus and to the other focal point. The x-y plane corresponds to 17 = 0.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a laser scanning confocal microscope.

Figure 4.3 Schematic diagram of a specific confocal microscope (Courtesy of the Olympus Fluoview website www.olympusfluoview.com).

Figure 12. Schematic diagram of the scanning laser confocal microscope. The out-of-focus information that normally reaches the eyepiece (detector) and leads to difficulties in interpreting optical images is rejected because the optical path does not take it through the pinhole. By scanning the incident laser beam across the sample, a digitized image is constructed from the infocus light rays that pass through the pinhole.

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