Conductivity plots

Figure 4-329. Example of shale conductivity plot in the Frio sand in South Texas. (Courtesy SPE [101]. ...

The search for a suitable electrolyte requires comprehensive studies. It is necessary to measure the conductivities of electrolytes with various solvents, solvent mixtures, and anions over the accessible concentration range of the salts, and to cover a sufficiently large temperature range and the whole composition range of the binary (or ternary) solvent mixture. Figure 11 shows, as an example, the conductivity plot of LiAsF6/GBL as a function of temperature and molality. 

Figure 11. Experimental and predicted differential conductance plots of the double-island device of Figure 10(b). (a) Differential conductance measured at 4.2 K four peaks are found per gate period. Above the threshold for the Coulomb blockade, the current can be described as linear with small oscillations superposed, which give the peaks in dljdVj s- The linear component corresponds to a resistance of 20 GQ. (b) Electrical modeling of the device. The silicon substrate acts as a common gate electrode for both islands, (c) Monte Carlo simulation of a stability plot for the double-island device at 4.2 K with capacitance values obtained from finite-element modeling Cq = 0.84aF (island-gate capacitance). Cm = 3.7aF (inter-island capacitance). Cl = 4.9 aF (lead-island capacitance) the left, middle and right tunnel junction resistances were, respectively, set to 0.1, 10 and 10 GQ to reproduce the experimental data. (Reprinted with permission from Ref [28], 2006, American Institute of Physics.)...

The conclusion regarding the fact that constant current conductivity involves not all microcrystals of the sample is proved by results of measurements of electric conductivity in sintered ZnO films in case of alternating current (Fig. 2.10). The availability of barrier-free ohmic pathways is proved by a low value of initial resistivity in sintered samples ( 1 - 5 kOhm) in addition to exponential dependence of electric conductivity plotted as a function of inverse temperature having activation energy 0.03 - 0.5 eV, which coincides with ionization energy of shallow dope levels. The same value is obtained from measurements of the temperature dependence of the Hall constant [46]. 

Fig. 7.2 Regions observed in the conductivity plots of 20 mm probe, passing the C02 gas through...

Figure 62 The unreacted (100), partially reacted (101), and completely reacted (102) diacetylene group-containing oligomers in the product from the reaction between 95 and Cp2Mo2(CO)6 (top). The X-ray diffraction spectrum (middle, left), TEM micrographs (middle, right), and conductivity plots (bottom) of the product from the reaction between 95 and Cp2Mo2(CO)6 after pyrolysis to 1000°C. (Adapted from ref. 130.)...

In order to ameliorate the sharply sloping background obtained in an STS spectrum, the data are often presented as di,/dFh vs. Vb, i.e. the data are either numerically differentiated after collection or Vb has a small modulation applied on top of the ramp, and the differential di,/d Vb is measured directly as a function of Vb. The ripples due to the presence of LDOS are now manifest as clear peaks in the differential plot. dt,/dFb vs. Vb curves are often referred to as conductance plots and directly reflect the spatial distribution of the surface electronic states they may be used to identify the energy of a state and its associated width. If V is the bias potential at which the onset of a ripple in the ijV plot occurs, or the onset of the corresponding peak in the dt/dF plot, then the energy of the localised surface state is e0 x F. Some caution must be exercised in interpreting the differential plots, however, since... 

The conductivity plot, Figure 3, shows that the improved purification technique for PhN02 did not affect the conductivity of the polymerisation product, and the fact that it does not give an impurity intercept but goes very close to the origin indicates that the neutralisation reaction of the impurities with the initiator yields ionic reaction products. Af = 2.6 x 10"3 S m2 mol 1. 

Additional tests of the randomness of the copol3rmers were conducted. Plots of absorbance at 600nm versus temperature for the polymer and the copolymers did not reveal any differences indicative... 

Li and Bashir, 2002) with interdigitated electrodes for DEP capture of bacteria and the interdigitated measurement electrodes to monitor growth. Panel (B) is showing a conductance plot generated based on bacterial growth of arbitrary numbers of colony forming units (cfu)/ml. 

Fig. 11. Relation between thermo-emf Q and conductivity. Plot Q = C — (kje log e) log a. iodine/phthalocyanine Q TCNE/phthalocyanine Q o-chloranil/poly-N-vinylcarbazolc...

Figure 1. Kraus and Bray conductance plot for Sr1, (poly-S)2 at different...

Figure 2. Plot of equivalent conductance vs. concentration of Sr1, (poly-S )2 in THF at 20°C (a) Wooster conductance plot in THF at 20°C (b).

Fig. 10.6 Electrical conductivity plotted against the factor g deduced from the Knight shift for In2Te3 (A) and Ga2Te3 (A) (Warren 1971). Localization starts in the shaded...

Harrison found essentially the same results using single crystals and sintered samples. The slopes of the logarithms of the Hall constant and conductivity plotted against inverse absolute temperature were practically identical. The mobility varied in magnitude from sample to sample, but not in temperature dependence. Little time dependence of the conductivity was observed and none for the Hall coefficient. 

The diffusion constant, DCf has only recently been measured. Schmidt and Buck (37) observed the formation and decay of the transient conductivity during and following the pulse irradiation of dilute aqueous barium hydroxide, pH 9.5. These workers fitted the curve of the transient conductivity, plotted as a function of time, by means of a computer. Necessary for this calculation were ... 

The deviations of experimental slopes for dilute solutions of metal-ammonia and metal-amine conductance plots from the limiting Onsager slope can be used conveniently to calculate association constants for the postulated, nonconducting species responsible for the deviations. Precise association constants of sufficient magnitude may be taken somewhat as confirming the probable existence of the postulated complexes. 

In NiO without support at low temperature at first the full excitation energy, then — with rising temperature — the half value of the excitation energy, and finally - as an horizontal line in the plots - exhaustion of the partly compensated acceptors is measured. Above the N6el temperature of NiO a second species of acceptors appears. It is characterized by a smaller excitation energy and appears after the exhaustion of the low-temperature acceptors with further increasing temperature. The conductivity plot (Fig. 9 centre) exhibits these four values the catalytic reaction on NiO only three (40, 0,21) and the reaction on NiO/Ag also the low-temperature value 80. The curves obtained by impurity... 

Temperature/conductivity plots for the pristine polymers normalized to the room temperature conductivity are given in Figure 12. They exhibit a thermally activated temperature dependence... 

Figure 4 Conductivity plots for SDS/2-pentanol/Styrene microemulsion system at 25°C.

The Tg may also increase as a result of increased interactions between ion pairs and the formation of ion clusters. The increase in Tg is nearly linear with the ratio Li /EO, even up to a ratio of 0.5 for LiCF3S03 solubilized in PM MS-8 or in the identical poly(methacrylate) comb polymer (Figure 3). The rise in Tg is much more rapid for the poly(methacrylate) comb polymer than for the polysiloxane. The free-volume mechanism of ion conduction is confirmed in our system by the linearity of temperature-dependent conductivity plots when the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) expression a = exp [-K T - rj] (in which is the ideal Tg and and K are constants) (i, 2, 9) is applied. 

FIGURE 42.7 Concentration versus conductivity plot for sodium thiocyanate. 

The conductivity of the crystal in Arrhenius coordinates is represented by a straight line, and the activation energy is evaluated from the conductivity plot as a function of temperature, a 46 kJ/mol [193]. The activation energy, assessed from broadening of the PMR band in accordance with the Waugh-Fedin relation, proved to be equal to a2 33.1 kJ/mol [193,202]. Investigation of... 

Shown in Fig. 8.17 are discharge versus specific conductance plots for three acid streams (pH 2.8 to 6.6) in an area of bitumnous coal strip-mining in northwestern Pennsylvania (Gang and... 

Figure 7.14 Single-crystal ionic conductivities. Plot (1) Na-p"-...

Fig. 5. Conductivity plots for (a) PE04-LiCF3S03 and (b) PE04LiC104 polymer electrolytes (taken from Ref. 54)...

Fig. 7. Conductivity plots (log o vsl03/T) for poly(MEEMA-LiBF4) complexes (taken from Ref. 175)...

---