Membrane conductivity Arrhenius plots

Fig. 9.5 (a) Structures of the ionic liquids, (b) Photograph of gel polymer electrolyte with a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness of 200 pm. (c) Conductivity Arrhenius plots of four gel polymer membranes. The data are obtained from impedance spectroscopy at 10-50 °C. (d) Composition, conductivity data, and ECW of gel polymer electrolytes with varied ionic liquids, mp melting point, EON electrochemical window electrodes, stainless steel/stainless steel first cycle v = 25 mV/s T=50 °C potential range, E vs Stainless Steel= 4 V [57]... 

FIGURE 9.26 (a) Conductivity Arrhenius plots of the PIL-based hybrid membranes as a function of temperature, (b) Conductivity of the PIL-based hybrid membranes as a function of the weight fraction of Im-Si02 nanoparticles at 100°C and 160°C. (From Lin, B. et al.. Fuel Cells, 13, 72, 2013.)... 

Figure 3. Conductivity Arrhenius plot for the UPFe/ECyDMCyPAN gel-electrolyte membrane. Data obtained from Impedance spectroscopy. Derived from reference 9 and reproduced with permission from Elsevier Science.

Figure 3. Arrhenius plot of the conductivity in vacuum for the membrane irradiated at 14 kGy before and after heating to 393 K.

Figure 12.9 Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity of selected electrolytes. The temperature ranges of utilization of interconnects materials are also indicated. For electrolyte thicknesses > ISOum, the cell can be supported by the ionic membrane.

Clearly, these gel-type electrolytes have quite promising properties in terms of conductivity, approaching that of liquid solutions. This can be seen in Figure 7.8, which shows the Arrhenius plots of some selected examples, and Figure 7.5 which compares the conductivity of gels with that of PEO-based membranes. 

Figure 6.19 Arrhenius plot of the conductivities of a simple (PE0)8LiC104 and of a composite (PEO)8LiClO4.10w/oy-LiAlO2 membrane. From ref [39] by permission of the Electrochemical Society, Inc.

It was possible to rationalize the family of Arrhenius plots measured for Nafion 117 at different water contents [46]. Under an assumption that the surface conductivity has higher activation energy, supported by microscopic considerations in Refs. 40, 43, the Arrhenius slope should become steeper with the decreasing amount of water in the membrane [39], that is, the smaller the amount of the bulk water that we have in pores. Activation energies obtained from these plots are 0.1 eV for the largest possible water contents (Activation energies of proton transfer in water, estimated from nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times, are 0.1 eV [47].) and 0.3-0.4eV at small water contents. How to rationalize this variation. ... 

Initially, a series of Arrhenius plots of conductance versus 1/T were obtained which demonstrated transitions at about 15 C and 30 C. These coincided with the change in lipidity of the membrane in the first instance and at the higher temperature, the activation of calcium ATP-ase. 

FIGURE 4.4 Arrhenius plots for ionic conductivities (a) of Flemion X-form (X = H, Li, Na) membranes, along with Nafion 117 H-form in the fully hydrated state [66]. 

FIGURE 5.21 Arrhenius plot showing temperature dependence of membrane conductivity. Nafion 117 membrane temperature range 25-90 °C water content in the membrane A = Nh,o/Nso3H = 22 [69]. 

Fig. 9.9 (a) Chemical composition of triblock ion gel electrolyte and the membrane picture obtained by AFM (b) Arrhenius plots of ionic conductivity and displacement of ion gel actuators for the ion gels containing 20 % of [CimimJlNCTflj] but different block lengths [38]... 

Figure 12 compares the Arrhenius plot of the ionic conductivity of a LiC104 (IM), EC-DEC liquid electrolyte in comparison with that of a P(EO)ioLia04+10 wt% nano-particle SiOa composite membrane swelled (300 wt%) in an EC(25 % molar)-DEC solvent mixture. The conductivity of the two systems are comparable, reaching at 20 °C the values of 2.5x10" S cm" for the liquid electrolyte and 2.1x10" S-cm" for the swelled membrane [31]. 

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