Conducting polymer actuators deposition

H.-R. Kang and N.-J. Jo, Solid-state conducting polymer actuator based on electrochemically-deposited polypyrrole and solid polymer electrolyte. High Perform. Polym., 18 (5), 665-678 (2006). 

Martinez JG, Otero TF, Jager EWH (2014) Effect of the electrolyte concentration and substrate on conducting polymer actuators. Langmuir 30 3894-3904 Maw S, Smela E, Yoshida K, Sommer-Larsen P, Stein RB (2001) The effects of varying deposition current density on bending behaviour in PPy(DBS)-actuated bending beams. Sens Actuators A 89 175-184... 

Kumar D, Sharma RC (1998) Advances in conductive polymers. Eur Polym J 34 1053-1060 Inzelt G, Pineri M, Schultze JW et al (2000) Electron and proton conducting polymers Recent developments and prospects. Electrochim Acta 45 2403-2421 Kang HR, Jo NJ (2006) Solid-state conducting polymer actuator based on electrochemicaUy-deposited polypyrrole and solid polymer electrolyte. High Perform Polym 18 665-678 Skotheim TA, Elsenbaumer RL, Reynolds JR (1997) Handbook of Conducting Polymers, Vols. 1-2, Marcel Dekker, New York... 

In recent several years, super-capacitors are attracting more and more attention because of their high capacitance and potential applications in electronic devices. The performance of super-capacitors with MWCNTs deposited with conducting polymers as active materials is greatly enhanced compared to electric double-layer super-capacitors with CNTs due to the Faraday effect of the conducting polymer as shown in Fig. 9.18 (Valter et al., 2002). Besides those mentioned above, polymer/ CNT nanocomposites own many potential applications (Breuer and Sundararaj, 2004) in electrochemical actuation, wave absorption, electronic packaging, selfregulating heater, and PTC resistors, etc. The conductivity results for polymer/CNT composites are summarized in Table 9.1 (Biercuk et al., 2002). 

Cui, X. Hetke, J. R WUer, J. A. Anderson, D. J. Martin, D. C. Electrochemical deposition and characterization of conducting polymer polypyrrole/PSS on multichannel neural prohes. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2001,1, 8-18. 

Yang, J. Y. and Martin, D. C. (2004) Microporous conducting polymers on neural microelectrode arrays - i - electrochemical deposition. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 101,133-42. 

Plesse C, Vidal F, Teyssie D, Chevrot C (2010) Conducting polymer artificial muscle fibres toward an open air linear actuation. Chem Commun 46 2910-2912. doi 10.1039/c001289k Ren X, Pickup P (1995) Impedance measurements of ionic-conductivity as a probe of structure in electrochemically deposited polypyrrole films. J Electroanal Chem 396 359-364. doi 10.1016/ 0022-0728(95)04064-U... 

A classical bending actuator usually consists of five layers. The middle layer plays as insulator and acts as an ion reservoir. The conductor layer, usually metals, was coated on both sides. Finally, electronic conducting polymers (ECPs), which provide actuation, were deposited onto metal layer chemically or electrochemically (Fig. 7a). 

Butterwick AE, Vankov A, Huie P et al (2006) Dynamic range of safe electrical stimulation of the retina SPIE Proceedings, Ophthalmic Technologies XVI, SPIE 6138 1-8 Cui XY, Hetke JE, WUer JA et al (2001) Electrochemical deposition and characterization of conducting polymer polypyrrole/PSS on multichannel neural probes. Sens Actuators A93 8-18... 

Cui X, Lee VA, Raphael Y et al (2001) Surface modification of neural recording electrodes with conducting polymer/biomolecule blends. J Biomed Mater Res 56 261-272 Cui XY, Martin DC (2003) Electiochemical deposition and characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on neural microelectrode arrays. Sens Actuators B Chem 89 92-102... 

Secondly, conjugated polymers were studied as biomimetic artificial muscles. A scalable physics based electro-chemo-mechanical model was developed to connect an input voltage to bending of the material. The reduced version of the model was used to design a robust adaptive controller. Also, a nonlinear mechanical model was investigated. Furthermore, a torsional actuator was developed by depositing PPy on a tube substrate with helically wound platinum fibers. A set of experiments were conducted to confirm the torsional and other actuation modes as well as the model. 

CNTs are also widely used in actuators [168-171], The addition of CNTs to PANI fibers increased the electromechanical actuation because the CNTs improved the mechanical, electronic and electrochemical properties of the PANI fibers [172-174], Composites based on CNTs are studied for a variety of sensor applications [175-177], For example, polypyrrole or PANI deposited on single-walled CNT networks that can be used as solid state pH sensors [178], A DNA sensor was created fi om a composite of polypyrrole and CNTs fimctionalized with carboxylic groups to covalently immobilize DNA onto CNTs [179], In general, the presence of CNTs tends to increase the overall and selectivity of biosensors, The thermal transport properties of polymer composites can be improved with the addition of CNTs due to the excellent thermal conductivity of CNTs, Such composite are quite attractive for usages as printed circuit boards, connectors, thermal interface materials, heat sinks, lids, housings, etc, [92,180],... 

---