Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks

The biotechnological field is growing fast and has generated a cumulative demand for analytical methods and analytical thinking. Paper I in this thesis demonstrates rapid and simple methods for preliminary identification in biotechnological synthesis without a priori reference material. The possibility to stop a synthesis immediately if the results are not satisfied, also in cases when the product is not available, is of large economical interest. 

HPLC coupled to DAD or to MS, for identification and/or quantification is today an established method in the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally in the fermentation field this technique has great potential for the same issues. In this thesis I have developed HPLC-DAD and MS methods that can be used in analyzing fermentation liquids, so that hopefully, more and more laboratories will begin to use these methods and validation guidelines. 

Preparative chromatography is widely used for the purification of different compounds, but this procedure needs to be optimized to achieve the minimum production costs. This can be done by computer-assisted modeling. However, this approach requires a priori determination of accurate competitive adsorption isotherm parameters. The methods to determine this competitive information are poorly developed and hence often a time limiting step or even the reason why the computer-assisted optimization is still seldom used. In this thesis in papers IV-VI, a new injection method was developed that makes it possible to determine these competitive adsorption isotherm parameters more easily and faster than before. The use of this new 

I hope that my thesis can be used as a contribution in the future for analysis and validation in biotechnology, and also for the rapid determination of competitive adsorption isotherm parameters so that computer-assisted simulations may be used more extensively, in scaling-up and optimization of large scale chromatography. 

Nataly Echevarria Huaman, T. Xiu Jun, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31 (2014) 368-385. 

Global warming damage and the benefits of mitigation [report], in, 1995. 

Dibenedetto, A. Angelini, Chapter Two - Synthesis of Organic Carbonates, in A. Michele, E. Rudi van (Eds.) Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, 2014, pp. 25-81. 

Maki-Arvela, V. Eta, D.Y. Murzin, T. Salmi, J.P. Mikkola, Applied Catalysis A General, 383 (2010) 1-13. 

Ramidi, S. Pulla, S. SulHvan, S. Collom, Y. Gartia, P. Munshi, A. Biris, B. Noll, B. Berry, Catalysis Letters, 137 (2010) 1-7. 

Nisbet, K.E. Crompton, M.K. Horne, D.I. Finkelstein and J.S. Forsythe, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials, 2008, 87,1, 251. 

Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell in Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill New York, NY, USA, 2000, p.l5. 

Mentlein, K. Hattermann and J. Held-Feindt, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Reviews on Cancer, 2012,1825, 2,178. 

Knudson and W. Knudson in Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 

Tortosa, A. Domenech, F. Vidal, M. Pumarola and A. Bassols, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 2007, 33, 3, 111. 

Components of composite Drug Physical aspect of the products Comments and application area 

Hyaluronic acid [207] Tobramycin, basic FGF and platelet-derived growth factor [208] Scaffold, matrix, membrane, hydrogel, fiber Significantly enhanced wound healing compared with matrix containing only the antibiotic 

Hyaluronan microparticles [209] Sulfadiazine Microparticle Local antibiotic carrier 

Silk fibroin [210] Endothelial growth factors Tubular scaffold Vascular tissue engineering 

Chondroitin-6-suphate [211] Growth factor rhBMP-4 Tube, matrix Bone implant 

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In view of the importance of the application of these techniques in CE analysis, the chapter presents an overview on the most recent applications of chemo-metrics to optimize CE and CE-MS parameters, focusing on pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis applications mainly in the last 5 years. The chapter has been divided into six main sections corresponding to an introduction, three main applications (pharmaceutical, environmental, and foods), an additional section summarizing other recent studies in differing fields, and a final section including concluding remarks and future perspectives. 

To get an insight into the technical details involved in wearable tattoos, patches, and other biosensors, in the remainder of this chapter we will first briefly address the mechartisms underlying various detection methods. Following that will be a discussion about the fabrication methods available so far, from the most basic to the highly integrated. The applications of this subclass of WBSs in general health, disease control, and sports are presented. We will end with concluding remarks and future perspectives. 

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