Conceptual Planning

Once a business decision is made to consider producing a certain product-in this example, polyvinyl chioride-the initial project team is assembled. This team will start by evaluating potential process routes to identify a technology that will satisfy production needs while meeting responsibilities for health, safety, and protection of the environment. 

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A We absorb all costs at the business unit level, that is, the divisions. However, corporate is setting the agenda for this work. Each division has been asked to include the costs of integration into its current planning cycle. Where this impacts short-term planned performance, we will adjust the plans. However, from the next planning cycle onward the plans will include these costs—and the benefits of the new system. There vmII be one exception to this the conceptual plan and pilot project will be developed and funded by corporate. 

As per the present plan, the JAEA pilot test program precedes the immediate next stage of nuclear hydrogen demonstration using the HTTR, namely, the HTTR-IS test, which will produce hydrogen at a rate of up to 1000 Nm3/h. Figure 4.18 shows the conceptual plan. 

A conceptual planning of a chemical plant was first undertaken in 1898 by Duisberg [16, p. 317]. Before that a chemical plant usually was adapted to current needs, which seldom resulted in a well-designed and cost-efficient production facility. 

Consequently, theory can be directly involved in conceptual planning of time-resolved experiments. 

Generic planning Selecting technology and rapid process planning Very low Manufacturing technologies and processes, conceptual plans, and DFx analysis results... 

All the conceptual planning and approved design criteria are finally transformed into the desired product during the production phase. Since actual production is taking place along with greater expenditures of time and money necessary to produce a physical product, the production phase is justifiably considered by many system... 

The complex plan [2] for the first phase of A-1 decommissioning called "safety status"- the status with removed spent fuel, treated operational radwaste, removed contamination and restored treated waste and spent fuel (in case of interruption of transfer to Russia) was developed in 1993 - 1995. The complex plan for the first phase of A-1 decommissioning contents also the conceptual plan for handling with spent fuel in case of transport to Russia inteiruption till the year 2038 and decontamination and dismantling of contaminated hot chamber till 2027. 

There are three consecutive phases—conceptual planning, detailed planning, and detailed engineering—for which different modeling tools are used. 

Detailed analysis through the matrices is time consuming, conceptual planning time is much extended by QFD. However, the overall design-to-market time should be cut because the design effort... 

In this book, we diagram problem solutions using a conceptual plan. A conceptual plan is a visual outline that helps you to see the general flow of the problem solution. For unit conversions, the conceptual plan focuses on units and the conversion from one unit to another. The conceptual plan for converting in to cm is... 

The conceptual plan for converting the other way, from cm to in, is just the reverse, with the reciprocal conversion factor ... 

Each arrow in a conceptual plan for a unit conversion has an associated conversion factor with the units of the previous step in the denominator and the units of the following step in the numerator. In the following section, we incorporate the idea of a conceptual plan into an overall approach to solving numerical chemical problems. 

Devise a way to get from the starting point to the end point using what is given as well as what you already know or can look up. (As we just discussed, we call this the conceptual plan.)... 

Strategize. This is usually the most challenging part of solving a problem. In this process, you must develop a conceptual plan—a series of steps that will get you from the given information to the information you are trying to find. You have already seen conceptual plans for simple unit conversion problems. Each arrow in a conceptual plan represents a computational step. On the left side of the arrow is the quantity you had before the step, on the right side of the arrow is the quantity you will have after the step, and below the arrow is the information you need to get from one to the other—the relationship between the quantities. 

Solve. This is the easiest part of solving a problem. Once you set up the problem properly and devise a conceptual plan, you simply follow the plan to solve the problem. Carry ont any mathematical operations (paying attention to the rules for significant figures in calculations) and cancel units as needed. 

STRATEGIZE Devise a conceptual plan for the problem. Begin with the given quantity and symbolize each conversion step with an arrow. Below each arrow, write the appropriate conversion factor for that step. Focus on the units. The conceptual plan should end at the find quantity and its units. In these examples, the other information needed consists of relationships between the various units as shown. 

STRATEGIZE Write a conceptual plan. Begin with the given information and devise a path to the information that you are asked to find. Notice that for cnbic units, you must cube the conversion factors. 

SOIVE Follow the conceptual plan to solve the problem. Round the answer to three significant figures to reflect the three significant figures in the least precisely known quantity (5.70 L). These conversion factors are aU exact and therefore do not limit the number of significant figures. 

STRATEGIZE Draw the conceptual plan by beginning with the given quantity— in this case the volume in liters (L). The overall goal of this problem is to find the mass. You can convert between volume and mass using density (g/cm ). 

SOLVE Follow the conceptual plan to solve the problem. Round the answer to three significant figures to reflect the three significant figures in the density. 

Problems involving equations can be solved in much the same way as problems involving conversions. Usually, in problems involving equations, we must find one of the variables in the equation, given the others. The conceptual plan concept outlined earlier can be used for problems involving equations. For example, suppose we are given the mass (m) and volume (V) of a sample and asked to calculate its density. The conceptual plan shows how the equation takes us from the given quantities to the find quantity. 

STRATEGIZE Write a conceptual plan for the problem. Focus on the equation(s). The conceptual plan shows how the equation takes you from the given quantity (or quantities) to the find quantity. The conceptual plan may have several parts, involving other equations or required conversions. In these examples, you use the geometrical relationships given in the problem statements as well as the definition of density, d = m/V, which you learned in this chapter. 

STRATEGIZE Convert between mass and amonnt (in moles) CONCEPTUAL PLAN ... 

We now have all the tools to count the number of atoms in a sample of an element by weighing it. First, we obtain the mass of the sample. Then we convert it to amount in moles using the element s molar mass. Rnally, we convert to number of atoms using Avogadro s number. The conceptual plan for these kinds of calculations takes the following form ... 

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