Similarity concept

Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 ofthe European Parliament and of the Council ofl6 December 1999 on orphan medicinal products Commission Regulation (EC) No. 847/2000 of 27 April 2000 laying down the provisions for implementation of the criteria for designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product and definitions of the concepts similar medicinal product and clinical superiority ... 

Multiple measurements allow the analyst to detect the presence of an inter-ferent. For example, suppose an instrument outputs two responses for each sample, as shown in Figure 5-2. Assume the pure component response is obtained firom the measurement of a pure analyte of inteicst. Given any sample containing only this analyte, the same relative magnitudes for measurements and r, are observed. If the observed response shown in Figure 5.2 is encountered, the analyst will know that a problem exists. This concept similarly extends to mixtures. Tlie detection of interferents can fail if, for example, an inter-ferent has the same relative response on the two variables as one of the other species. However, the likelihood of this tjpe of failure decreases as the number of measurements increase, and as care is taken in choosing the measurements. 

To simplify the problem further, we adopt a concept similar to that for the intrinsic averaged velocity and intrinsic velocity tensor as in Eqs. (5.129) and (5.130). Thus, Eqs. (6.95) and (6.96), respectively, become... 

The historical context of uncertainty estimation in exposure assessment can be traced to the convergence of developments in multiple disciplines. For example, Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann are typically credited with creation of the Monte Carlo method for simulation of random events in 1946 (see Metropolis Ulam, 1949 Eckhardt, 1987). However, a paper by Lord Kelvin in 1901 appears to apply concepts similar to Monte Carlo to a discussion of the Boltzmann equation, and there are other precedents (Kelvin, 1901). The modem incarnation of Monte Carlo was first used for prediction of neutron release during nuclear fission and has since been applied in a wide variety of disciplines. 

Swift and Sayne used concepts similar to those of Bockris and Saluja if a molecule stays associated with an ion for more than the time needed for a diffusional jump, it counts as a primary hydration number. This approach yields approximately 4 solvation molecules for and Ca ", and 5 for Ba and Sr", whereas nonspectroscopic methods for these systems yield values that are two to three times larger. Does NMR measure only water arranged in a first, octahedral layer in the first shell near the ion and is it insensitive to the rest of the water structure near an ion ... 

Musso et al. (87,97) have developed an elegant synthesis of muscaflavin dimethyl ester (61) (Scheme 8). It is conceptionally similar to the synthesis of decarboxybetalains described before. The synthesis starts with conversion of pyridylalanine derivative 86 to the dimethyl ester 87 by esterification and consecutive N-protection with the base-labile p-toluenesulfonylethoxycarbonyl group. For cleavage of the pyridine ring, 87 was transformed into the A -methoxy-pyridinium salt (88) which was then reacted with pyrrolidine in tetrahydrofuran... 

It is usually found that where there is a large difference between the calculated and the observed values of heats of formation, the calculated value of - J Hf is less than the observed that is, the actual molecule is more stable than the hypothetical molecule consisting of normal bonds. This difference has been ascribed to stabilization by resonance between a variety of valence bond structures, and is sometimes known as the observed or empirical resonance energs The concept of resonance is derived from a procedure used for obtaining approximate solutions of the wave equation. Its use is therefore a matter of convenience rather than theoretical necessity. Moreover it is often applied to systems of such complexity that no question of even an approximate solution of the wave equation arises in these cases its status is therefore that of an empirically used concept similar to the earlier notion of mesomerism . 

This expression is based on Hatta s film concept. Similar expressions result from penetration theory. Figure 3 illustrates the concentration profiles for A and B in and around the fluid film for Regime II. 

The thermodynamic description of a system consisting of a 3D Me-S bulk alloy phase (instead of an ideally polarizable substrate S) in contact with the electrolyte phase is based on an interphase concept similar to that in Section 8.2 [3.54, 3.322, 3.323). The necessary changes in the thermodynamic formalism are given in Section 8.6. The electrochemical system considered is schematically shown in Fig. 8.5. 

A deep profile control agent should be able to enter deep formation, block high permeability water channels, and be movable. To be able to enter deep formation, its size must be smaller than formation pore throats. To be able to block high permeability water channels, it mnst be able to expand and crosslink with polymer to form a highly viscous solution. To be movable, it must have some elastic properties so that it can move nnder some pressure gradient. The microball is designed based on these reqnirements, a concept similar to BrightWater. 

Another series of papers has focused on combining both ATRP and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations with condensation and ring-opening polymerization reactions [360-364]. Initial reports by Hawker et al. [360,365] and Jerome et al. [361] used concepts similar to those first put forth by Puts and Sogah and prepared initiators that were dual-headed and could be used for two different polymerization techniques without a transformation step. They found that identification and use of the proper conditions could allow for the simultaneous polymerizations of two different monomers by two different routes. 

If similar processes could be developed at energy conversion efficiency levels that are comparable to the present day SMR-based NH3 synthesis plants, then it would be possible to realize a major reduction in the production costs of ammonia-borane complex. We note that a concept similar to that discussed above has already been developed for nitric acid synthesis process based on boron nitride analogous to the Haber-Bosch route for nitric acid production from NH3. Finally, recent results have shown that unusual parallel behavior exists between hydrocarbons and their corresponding B-N analogues. Thus, hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane may also provide a model for the reformation of borazine to other amine-boranes. 

This relation can be generalised for real gases by means of the fiigacity concept. Similarly, at constant pressure but variable temperature we have ... 

Fig. 7. Solid oxide fuel cell configurations. A Siemens-Westinghouse tubular cell B Tubular integrated interconnector concept. Similar interconnected systems exist in planar geometry C Planar SOFC designs, differing only in gas flow manifolding.

A number of theoretical treatments of gel chromatography have been published, including applications of the theoretical plate concept similar to those outlined in Chapter 2. It is appropriate here to mention only a few simple parameters of most value in practical work. 

Each chapter is divided into more or less self-contained modules dealing with a unified concept or a group of related concepts. Similarly, the exercises and notation are keyed to the individual modules, so that a variety of possibilities exist for pursuit of the material presented. 

V-Carboxyalkyl-based enkephalinase inhibitors were developed [80,93] from concepts similar to those used in the development of iV-carboxyalkyl ACE inhibitors [94]. They found compounds with two aromatic amino acid residues, occupying the S, and Sj subsites, to be more effective enkephalinase inhibitors [80,93]. In these compounds while small aliphatic amino... 

Examples of stab resistant body armour are often quite different in constractional character. For example, some comprise a matrix of overlapping metal or composite plates located between fabric layers (based on para-aramid or UHMW polyethylene), others are based on more flexible aramid woven textiles which have been coated with silicon carbide particles to blunt the knife point and others incorporate fine tungsten wire within a knitted fabric matrix. Copying the ancient chain mail concept, similar fine mail constructed from stainless steel or titanium wire may be included as a layer. Obviously the overall weight and thickness of the resulting armour is of crucial importance for the comfort of the wearer but this will be determined largely by the magnitude of the threat. 

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