Reduced concentration

Dilute Polymer Solutions. The measurement of dilute solution viscosities of polymers is widely used for polymer characterization. Very low concentrations reduce intermolecular interactions and allow measurement of polymer—solvent interactions. These measurements ate usually made in capillary viscometers, some of which have provisions for direct dilution of the polymer solution. The key viscosity parameter for polymer characterization is the limiting viscosity number or intrinsic viscosity, [Tj]. It is calculated by extrapolation of the viscosity number (reduced viscosity) or the logarithmic viscosity number (inherent viscosity) to zero concentration. 

In baked products, salt controls fermentation (qv) by retarding yeast activity, preventing wild fermentation, important in making a uniform product. During pickle-making, salt brine is gradually increased in concentration, reducing the fermentation rate as the process proceeds to completion. Salt is also... 

Another possible modification is the use of seawater as the regenerant. Even though it contains calcium and magnesium, but only 2.7 wt % NaCl, it sometimes can be purified by coagulation, filtration, and chlorination less expensively than salt can be purchased. The lower concentration reduces the regeneration efficiency by 40—50%. 

The quotient is called the electrochemical mobility and is tabulated along with ion mobilities. It is important to pay attention to the units because of possible confusion. Values of /, are given in Table 2-2. Raising the temperature usually increases ion mobility, while increasing the concentration reduces the conductivity due to interactions ... 

At a downwind distance of 800 m from a 75-m source having an 180-m plume rise, cr, is estimated as 84 m and cr is estimated as 50 m. If one considers buoyancy-induced dispersion as suggested by PasquUl, by how much is the plume centerline concentration reduced at this distance ... 

It has been shown that an increase in crystallizer residence time, or decrease in feed concentration, reduces the working level of supersaturation. This decrease in supersaturation results in a decrease in both nucleation and crystal growth. This in turn leads to a decrease in crystal surface area. By mass balance, this then causes an increase in the working solute concentration and hence an increase in the working level of supersaturation and so on. There is thus a complex feedback loop within a continuous crystallizer, illustrated in Figure 7.11. 

Only the lollowing size reductions should be made by this technique when connecting pipe with molded raised faces IVzxl, 2x1, 2xm, 2Vixm, 2 /2x2, 3x2, 3x2>4, 4x2 /2, 4x3, 6x4, 8x6. All other reductions require use of reducing filler flanges or concentric reducers. 

Concentric reducers should not be used to reduce suction piping diameter to that of the pump s inlet flange. This type of reducer may create an air pocket in the top of the piping and could lead to loss of pump performance resulting from air entrainment. Eccentric reducers should be installed with the straight side on top. This will reduce the potential for air pocket in the piping or the introduction of air or gas into the pump. 

Any high spot in the suction line can become filled with air or vapor, which, if transported into the impeller, will create an effect similar to cavitation, and with the same results. Services that are particularly susceptible to this situation are those where the pump volume contains a significant amount of entrained air or vapor, as well as those operating on a suction lift, where it can also cause the pump to lose its prime. A concentric reducer can cause a similar effect. The suction of a pump should be fitted... 

Niobium-Zirconium Nb-0-75Zr has excellent mechanical properties and similar corrosion resistance to pure niobium higher zirconium concentrations reduce the corrosion resistance. 

Temperature is the most important of the factors affecting pickle activity. In general, an increase of 10°C causes an increase in pickling speed of about 70 Vo. Agitation of the pickle increases the speed since it assists the removal of the insoluble scale and rapidly renews the acid at the scale surface. Increase in acid concentration up to about 40 Vo w/w in ferrous sulphate-free solutions, and up to lower concentrations in solutions containing ferrous sulphate, increases the activity. Increase in the ferrous sulphate content at low acid concentrations reduces the activity, but at 90-95 C and at acid concentrations of about 30 Vo w/w it has no effect. 

As in the case of bromodeboronation, an increase in acetate buffer concentration reduced the rate, the biggest effect arising from the acid component, and again the effect of increasing the concentration of acetate could not be explained. Chelates produced large rate accelerations as with bromodeboronation and sodium fluoride similarly produced a very large effect, which was considered to be related to the stability of the tetrafluoroborate anion. 

Okada et al. examined the effects of TBT on cellular content of glutathione (GSH) in rat thymocites using a flow cytometer and 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, a fluorescent probe for monitoring the change in the cellular content of GSH. TBT at nanomolar concentrations reduced the cellular content of GSH. There is an important implication on the TBT-induced depletion of cellular GSH since GSH has an important role in protecting the cells against oxidative stress and chemical and metal intoxications. TBT-induced decrease in cellular content of GSH in thymocytes may increase the vulnerability of the immune system. ° ... 

Oil palm ash was utilized as an absorbent for dry-type flue gas desulfurization. The absorbents were prepared using water hydration method with the addition of other chemicals such as CaO and CaS04. The absorbents were then subjected to synthetic flue gas under various SO2 feed concentration (500 to 2000 ppm) and reaction temperature (65°C to 400°C). It was foimd that higher feed SO2 concentration reduces the time the absorbent could maintain 100% removal of SO2. On the other hand, higher reaction temperature was found to increase the reactivity of the absorbent. However, reaction temperature above SOO C was found to have negative effect on the reactivity of the absorbent. 

The use of a diesel-based concentrate with hydroxypropylguar gum has been evolved from the batch-mixed dry powder types [778], The application of such a concentrate reduces system requirements. Companies can benefit... 

In bacteria (Escherichia coli), paraquat is concentrated, reduced to the monocation radical, and combines with molecular oxygen to produce the superoxide radical within the cell. Copper and iron are essential mediators in bactericidal effects. The cytoplasmic membrane is the target organelle in paraquat toxicity to E. coli, and extent of damage correlates positively with levels of these metals (Kohen and Chevion 1988). 

The relationship between gene expression and concentration of wound-induced VOC mixture was examined for the four biosynthetic genes to show that the optimum expression excluding that for 13-LOX is achieved at the concentration at which the mixture was emitted both increasing and decreasing the concentration reduced the gene expression to the control level. 

The release to the atmosphere is strongly dependent on the pH because only the molecular form and not the dissociated forms can be emitted, e.g., at a pH about 7, an equal amount of H2S and HS- exists in the water phase. Increase of the pH will, therefore, at equilibrium conditions and at a constant total sulfide concentration, reduce the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the overlying sewer atmosphere (Figure 4.1). Therefore, when applying Henry s law [Equation (4.8)], only the nondissociated molecular form, H2S, should be taken into account. 

The data shown in this table demonstrate that overall collector consumption can be reduced by 50% with the use of slime/chromium depressant, KM3. At the same time, the chromium assays in the PGM concentrate reduced from 3.8% to 0.9% Cr. It is obvious that high collector consumption is responsible for high chromium content in the cleaner concentrate. 

---