Concentration mole percent

Figure 3. Stress-strain curves of three gradient polymers and one interpenetrating network of poly(methyl methacrylate) with 2-chloroethyl acrylate at comparable strain rates of 2-3% /sec and same temperature of 80° C. The numerals in parentheses indicate concentrations (mole percent) of chloroethyl acrylate in poly(methyl methacrylate).

Fig. 2. Distribution of vanadate(V) species as a function of total vanadium concentration. Mole percent V30 given by 100[V3O ]/([V,OM + [HV2OM + [H2VOj] + [HVO ]) etc. pV = log[V]io i where [V]10ta, = 3[V30 ] + 2[HV207]3 + [H2V04 ] + [HVOM- Curves calculated by the author from equilibrium quotients given in Ref. 24 and 30...

Experiment diffusion coefficients are scarce and not highly accurate, especially in the liquid phase, leading to prediction methods with marginal accuracy. However, use of the v ues predicted are generally suit le for engineering calculations. At concentrations above about 10 mole percent, predicted values should be used with caution. Diffu-sivities in liquids are lO -lO times lower than those in gases. 

For predic ting diffiisivities in binary polar or associating liquid systems at liign solute dilution, the method of Wilke and Chang " defined in Eq. (2-156) can be utilized. The Tyn and Cains equation (2-152) can be used to determine the molar volume of the solute at the normal boihng point. Errors average 20 percent, with occasional errors of 35 percent. The method is not considered to be accurate above a solute concentration of 5 mole percent. 

For concentrated binary nonpolar liquid systems (more than 5 mole percent solute), the diffiisivity can be estimated by a molar average mixing rule developed by Caldwell and Babb, " Eq. (2-156). 

Many more correlations are available for diffusion coefficients in the liquid phase than for the gas phase. Most, however, are restiicied to binary diffusion at infinite dilution D°s of lo self-diffusivity D -. This reflects the much greater complexity of liquids on a molecular level. For example, gas-phase diffusion exhibits neghgible composition effects and deviations from thermodynamic ideahty. Conversely, liquid-phase diffusion almost always involves volumetiic and thermodynamic effects due to composition variations. For concentrations greater than a few mole percent of A and B, corrections are needed to obtain the true diffusivity. Furthermore, there are many conditions that do not fit any of the correlations presented here. Thus, careful consideration is needed to produce a reasonable estimate. Again, if diffusivity data are available at the conditions of interest, then they are strongly preferred over the predictions of any correlations. 

A typical apphcatiou of a simple batch still might be distillation of an ethanol-water mixture at 101.3 kPa (1 atm). The initial charge is 100 mol of ethanol at 18 mole percent, aud the mixture must be reduced to a maximum ethanol concentration in the stiU of 6 mole percent. By using equilibrium data interpolated from Table 13-1,... 

It should be clear from this example that there is considerable room for error when approximate design methods are employed in situations involving large heat effects, even for a case in which the solute concentration in the inlet gas was only 6 mole percent. 

Here Q is the solute concentration and R the gas constant. This is in fact obeyed over a rather wide range of concentrations, almost up to solute mole fractions of 0.61, with an error of only 25 percent. This is remarkable, since the van t Hoff equation is rigorous only in the infinitely dilute limit. Even in the case of highly nonideal solutions, for example a solution with a ratios of 1.5 and e ratios of 4, the van t Hoff equation is still obeyed quite well for concentrations up to about 6 mole percent. It appears from these results that the van t Hoff approximation is much more sensitive to the nonideality of the solutions, and not that sensitive... 

From Eq. (4-la) the stoichiometric concentration of methane in oxygen is 1 part in 3 = 33.3 mole percent methane. From Eq. (4-lb) the approximate stoichiometric concentration of methane in air is 1 part in 3 -E (158/21) = 9.5 mole percent methane. Tims, a mixtnre of 15 mole percent methane in oxygen has a stoichiometric ratio (p = 15/33.3 = 0.45 (lean), while the same methane concentration in air has a stoichiometric ratio (p = 15/9.5 = 1.58 (rich). 

After a preliminary study by Mortenson and Leighton S the thorough study by Edwards, Day and Overman s is notable. They analysed solutions of spblCHj) in benzene, octane and CCI4 for non-volatile forms of °Bi. Similar analyses were made on gaseous Pb(CH3)4 at 10 mm pressure, both pure and diluted with He, Ne, At, Kr and Xe. In solution at concentrations over 5 mole percent, about 50% of the Bi remained in a volatile form on dilution to mole fraction 0.05, the retention fell to 18% and rose again to over 90% in very dilute solutions. The retention values in the gas phase were then practically a continuation of those in dilute solution—between 80% and 90% for the pure gas at 10 mm pressure. With helium as diluent, the retention reached its maximum of 97% and the values decreased slowly to about 90% with xenon. 

A tetrapolymer consisting of 40 to 80 mole-percent of AMPS, 10 to 30 mole-percent of vinylpyrroMone, 0 to 30 mole-percent of acrylamide, and 0 to 15 mole-percent of acrylonitrile was also a suggested as a fluid loss additive [1061]. Even at high salt concentrations, these polymers yield high-temperature-stable protective colloids that provide for minimal fluid loss under pressure. 

In copolymers containing the styrene sulfonate moiety and maleic anhydride units, the maleic anhydride units can be functionalized with alkyl amine [1411-1416]. The water-soluble polymers impart enhanced deflocculation characteristics to the mud. Typically, the deflocculants are relatively low-molecular-weight polymers composed of styrene sodium sulfonate monomer maleic anhydride, as the anhydride and/or the diacid and a zwitterionic functionalized maleic anhydride. Typically the molar ratio of styrene sulfonate units to total maleic anhydride units ranges from 3 1 to 1 1. The level of alkyl amine functionalization of the maleic anhydride units is 75 to 100 mole-percent. The molar concentrations of sulfonate and zwitterionic units are not necessarily equivalent, because the deflocculation properties of these water-soluble polymers can be controlled via changes in their ratio. 

Energy Transfer Studies with Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT) and 4,4 -BPDC. Several attempts were made to determine if energy transfer could occur from an excited DMT molecule to a 4,4 -BPDC molecule in a rigid ethanol glass at 77°K. These studies were accomplished by adding various amounts (20 - 50 mole percent) 4,4 -BPDC to a known concentration (5.0 x 10"4 M) of DMT. The change in emission intensity at 418 nm, which is exclusively emission from DMT, was then measured with excitation at 298 nm. 

Photophysical Processes in Pol,y(ethy1eneterephthalate-co-4,4 -biphenyldicarboxyl ate) (PET-co-4,4 -BPDC). The absorption and luminescence properties of PET are summarized above. At room temperature the absorption spectrum of PET-co-4,4 -BPDC copolymers, with concentrations of 4,4 -BPDC ranging from 0.5 -5.0 mole percent, showed UV absorption spectra similar to that of PET in HFIP. The corrected fluorescence spectra of the copolymers in HFIP exhibited excitation maxima at 255 and 290 nm. The emission spectrum displayed emission from the terephthalate portion of the polymer, when excited by 255 nm radiation, and emission from the 4,4 -biphenyldicarboxylate portion of the polymer when excited with 290 nm radiation. 

The relative concentration of the various butadiene microstructures, (1,4 cis, 1,4 trans, and 1,2 vinyl), were determined from the infrared spectra of solid films cast on KC1.(26) The 1,2 microstructure content of all the polymers considered in this paper were between 5-8 mole percent as determined from the IR spectra. Number average and the weight average molecular weight of the polymers were obtained via osmotic pressure and HPLC. The molecular weight of all polymers is around 200,000 g/mole while the polydispersities were about 1.1 thus, all of these polymers have a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. Note, that both the precursor diene blocks and hydrogenated copolymers... 

The concentration of sulfur dioxide, bisulfite ion and sulfite ion will be a function of pH, and the mole percent of the bisulfite ion is a maximum at around pH 4 (Figure 3.11). 

The problems with this approach are 1) without comparing the peaks to a standard or a set of standards, it is not known whether the result is a weight, volume, or mole percent, and 2) the instrument detector does not respond to all components equally. For example, not all components will have the same thermal conductivity, and thus the thermal conductivity detector will not give equal sized peaks for equal concentrations of any two components. Thus, the sum of all four peaks would be a meaningless quantity, and the size of peak B by itself would not represent the correct fraction of the total. 

The methods of gel synthesis, immobilization of monomer conjugated enzyme, assay of enzyme activity, and determination of gel water content have been published elsewhere (4,5). A schematic of the synthesis is shown in Fig. 1. The gel compositions are identified as NA-100" (100% NIPAAm), "NA-95" (95% NIPAAm, 5% AAm), NA-90 (90% NIPAAm, 10% AAm) and "NA-85" (85% NIPAAm, 15% AAm) all are based on mole percents of monomers. Total monomer concentration was always 1.75 M. The experiment to determine the temperature dependence of enzyme activity was carried out after the enzyme reversibility experiment. 

Solution polymerization of these compounds can be brought about by nucleophilic initiators including n-butyllithium, triethylamine, and sodium cyanide. In the absence of such initiators, solution polymerization proceeds very slowly. As an example, l-(p-chlorothiobenzoyl)aziridine at a concentration of 0.5 mole percent in tetrahydrofuran polymerizes at room temperature when initiated with n-butyllithium to give a 94% yield of polymer. Melting point of the polymer is 90-100° C and its reduced viscosity in N-methylpyrrolidone (1% concentration at 30° C)i is 0.15. 

What property changes would effect the catalytic activity of a catalyst for given reaction conditions of temperature and composition of the gas mixture In the case of the decomposition of NjO, this question was answered and experimentally verified by Hauffe and co-workers (14a). As shown in Fig. 10, the catalytic activity of NiO is considerably superior to the activity of CuO, in agreement with theory. Furthermore, the experimental results of Schmid and Keller (65) show that the p-type CoO is the best catalyst for the decomposition of N2O. By the addition of between 0.1 and 0.3 mole percent of Li2O, the concentration of electron holes will be increased (66) as follows... 

Fig. 3.12. The rototranslational absorption spectrum of H2-He pairs at three temperatures 77.4 K ( ), 195 K (x), and 293 K ( ). The data shown represent the enhancement of the absorption due to the addition of helium to hydrogen gas, obtained in 32 mole percent equilibrium hydrogen concentration in helium by subtraction of the H2-H2 spectra after [37].

The reservoir gas in a wet gas reservoir has a specific gravity of 1.295, a hydrogen sulfide concentration of 20.9 mole percent, and a carbon dioxide concentration of 44.7 mole percent. Determine a value of z-factor for use at reservoir conditions of 5720 psig and 268°F. 

Laboratory determined compositions of volatile oils will have 12.5 to 30 mole percent heptanes plus. The dividing line between volatile oils and retrograde gases of 12.5 mole percent heptanes plus is fairly definite.2 When the heptanes plus concentration is greater than 12.5 mole percent, the reservoir fluid is almost always liquid and exhibits a bubble point. When the heptanes plus concentration is less than 12.5 mole percent, the reservoir fluid is almost always gas and exhibits a dew point. Any exceptions to this rule normally do not meet the rules of thumb with regard to stock-tank oil gravity and color. 

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